Lever-arm-law is most elementary formula at mechanics, valid at all cases, permanently approved by any balance-scale, any transmission-gear and diverse other mechanisms. Men used lever-arms since ages and invented many tools, to achieve wanted results even by limited physical strength.
An early and most successful invention for example was slinging (instead of throwing stones to animals only ´by-hand-at-arm´). I analysed this problem (stimulated by papers of Dr. Habbel) at chapters Sling-Effect and Addition of Power.
At ´David´s Sling´, mass is guided outwards onto steady larger radius and same time mass is accelerated in turning sense of system (see picture right side). Centrifugal forces and invested power add vectorially. After nearby half turn, mass shows maximum speed - much faster moving than could be achieved at steady long radius by likely power-input.
Likely acceleration not at all costs likely power, if additional forces like centrifugal forces or gravity forces are affecting same time. Lever-arm-law still is valid - however by skilful organisation, ´free-of-charge´ forces of intertia (in shape of centrifugal forces) or gravity can contribute to achieve wanted benefit. Decisive question resp. aspect is, at which phase vectorially added forces produce stronger or weaker resulting-forces.
These effects are to apply and use e.g. at rotor systems, if eccentric mass is accelerated while falling outwards and opposite, mass is decelerated during inward-pulling phase. Movement system with skilful application of lever-arm-laws and corresponding power-combinations are described at chapters further down.
Work
Force multiplied by way is equal to work - elementary law of mechanics. By different transmissions only relation of force and length varies, work still is same. Also this experience is approve by steady practice. Nevertheless, there are ´phenomenal´ exceptions.
At picture right side, schematically is shown a balance scale. At lever arm left side e.g. wheel of bicycles is mounted. Scale is balanced by weight at right lever arm, corresponding to weight of wheel. Scale is still balanced, even wheel left side is turned, cause weight of wheel is unchanged.
Work could be done at this experiment, e.g. if lever arm right side is hold by hand, then moved down and correspondingly mass of wheel left side is raised up. Absolutely phenomenal at this process is, turning wheel is much easier to lift than same wheel of same weight of not-turning wheel.
This experiment can do anyone at any place at any time. At all cases, turning wheel is much easier to move within space than not-turning wheel - as long as axis of wheel is moved parallel within space. As soon however axis is swiveled, again will come up ´phenomenal´ forces - of gyroscope. Likely ´phenomenal´ for example is, previous turning bicycle-wheel must be supported only at one side of its axis - and won´t fall down aside.
These effects are well known and are used e.g. at ballistics (turning bodies fly faster and higher and at tracks more stable). Partly these effects are easy to explain by known nature laws. Previous striking injury of ´work-law´ however, science not likes to talk about - cause not at all to explain by common theories. Real source of this effect is only to explain by including existence of ether and above this, its most strange properties - like discussed at later chapters.
Absolutely not to understand however is, why these strange, nevertheless well known effects are not consequently used in machines - probably only to explain by fear of ´violation of the law´ or ´prohibition of Perpetuum Mobile´.
Performance
Work within time-unit is equal to performance - and that´s scale for efficiency of any intention. This expression is generalized, e.g. combustion-motors not at all ´work´ all times, but positive turning momentum at crank shaft is available only at explosion stroke. Whole times long, ´nature-laws´ are valid, e.g. concerning heat-dynamics and lever-arms - however these laws can be applied differently within different phases.
As an example, since hundred years connecting rod is used with great success to transform linear movements into turning movements. Nobody thought about, this simple and reliable gear could be improved - nearby nobody. However Mederer´s Double-Connecting-Rod improves performance (like waste gases) of combustion engines decisively.
In principle, work of compression-stroke is ´put onto two legs´, while force of expansion-stroke ´stand-alone´ is transferred onto crank-shaft. Details of this invention are described at chapter Buckle- and Double-Connecting-Rod.
It´s absolutely ´sad´, ´mighty forces´ of this world show absolutely no interests to this clear and solid and experienced technique, but obviously are only interested in burning oil as much as possible.
Starting Point
These few examples might show, commonly known nature-laws not finally are most possible best understanding. At any subject of physics are lots of ´phenomena´, totally un-explained resp. totally opposite to common science theories. Thus starting point for progress must be to search for explanations of these ´un-usual´ appearances. Techniques must not be reduced onto known facts, but must be based at ´exceptions´ of normal understanding - even there might result efficiencies above hundred percents or ´cost-relation-factor´ less than one. At section of rotor-systems are discussed some ´phenomena´ of simple mechanics.
However already this simple application of simple lever-arm-law by double-connecting-rod demonstrates, effects are not limited by laws, but are only based at skilful organisation of processes, i.e. commonly suggested limitations are to overcome by senseful application of laws.
This example also shows, how easy such techniques are to realize - and same time it shows, how difficult realisation of improvements are versus mighty commercial interests. Self-limiting like this, common science acts by searching only for gradual improvements - neglecting inconvenient phenomena. However only explanation and application of these matter of facts can be starting point for really grave progresses.
At following chapter Regeneration of Balance I´ll point out general starting point for usage of ´useless´ forces.
Evert / 12.02.2004
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