At previous chapters concerning Fluid-Technology were described improvements of known constructions of flow-techniques. The only new aspect there was design of surfaces and organization of processes strictly according to effects of suction and / or pressure.
New aspect there was also consideration, normally chaotic molecular movement is to transfer into ordered flux by sub-pressure areas and thus enormous speed of molecular movements contribute to acceleration of technical flows - with great advantages at diverse applications.
However here by this chapter, quit new points of view are discussed, which normally are not paid attention in common flow-techniques. At common constructions is preferred aim to produce most steady ´stationary´ flows. Much more effective however are pulsating flows or pulsating pressure-waves within fluids.
Phasewise closed Outlet
At common water-turbines, flow must keep near at vanes and afterwards, water must be allowed to flow off most free, otherwise waters are dammed up and efficiency decreases drastically.
Schauberger however used lamellar-shaped ´gill-covers´ at outlet of practically all of his Repulsines and Home-Energy-Stations - however he didn´t describe function precisely. These element´s function are hard to understand, cause throughput temporary is interrupted, totally opposite to previous principles of common turbine constructions.
At chapter Edge-Ring-Turbine I made considerations about effect of temporarily closed nozzles. At outlet of turbines exists flux ahead-outwards. If (outward component of) flow is stopped, this flux can ´escape´ only into direction tangentially ahead, i.e. water runs ahead in turning sense of system. If afterwards outlet is opened again, water falls outwards by this accelerated speed (where its kinetic energy is transformed into mechanical turning movement, by redirection at vanes).
So not at all it´s necessary to organize most continuous flow-off at outlet of turbines, but efficiency of turbines is increased essentially, if flow is interrupted temporarily resp. flow is redirected into turning sense ahead.
Backstoke within Pipes and Turbines
If tap is closed fast, loud bang occurs throughout house. This ´bang-effect´ by abrupt stop is most reason for defects within water supply systems.
Analogue to this works a very old machine: Hydrostatic Ram (like schematically shown at this picture). Water (WA) flows down within a fall-pipe (FR, German Fallrohr), until a valve (FV) is closed quickly. Pressure of flow is reflected and affects rising-up of water-cylinder within lift-pipe (SR, German Steigrohr) - above water surface of fall-pipe (FR).
Machines like this are used e.g. in mountains for pumping up water by pulsation (where valve (SV) within lift-pipe (SR) hinders water to fall down again). On the other hand, fast lift of water-cylinder within lift-pipe (SR) is used for producing air-pressure (DL, German Druckluft), where backstroke-valves separate areas of different air pressures.
This pressure-wave by blocking flows should also be usable within rotating systems. At chapter Backstroke-Turbine I discussed these aspects and made corresponding proposals of design. Movement´s process is to organize that kind, backstroke occurs in direction of turning sense of system, thus producing turning momentum.
Hard hit of backstroke can be moderated, if pressure-wave is intermediately stored within air-pressure-area. If afterwards outlet is opened again, air-pressure pushes backward-off water, so once more affecting positive turning momentum.
My designs of previous Backstroke-Turbine (like following Pulsation-Turbine) show rather complex shape of constructional elements, cause developed according to Schauberger´s complicated machines. Lastly however, this clear principle of backstroke within water and intermediate storage of energy by air-pressure should be realized by most clear constructions.
Pulsating Acceleration
Core element of Schauberger´s Repulsine is a rotor, existing of two discs with waved surfaces. Fluid flows outwards between these concentric waves. So movement´s space is not all-sides closed pipe or channel (like between vanes of turbines or pumps), but fluid can move within round, flat cylinder with waved upper and lower surfaces. Schauberger often described this shape, however real function still got not quite clear.
At chapter Pulsation-Turbine I analysed movement´s process within this constructional element. Fluid can move radial outward at area of wave´s mountain and at area of wave´s valley. At area of slopes however, movement is hindered and thus exists pulsating flow into outward directions. Fluid can fall radial outward for some time resp. is pressed outwards by following masses or by central pressure-area. Same time discs rotate and drag fluid into tangential direction. So at a whole, fluid moves outward-ahead.
As now for some times, outward-component is hindered by slopes, kinetic pressure of flow can only be redirected ahead, into turning sense of system. Thus fluid lastly moves faster than discs turn, i.e. effect has changed: rotating discs no longer drag fluid ahead but faster rotating fluid drags discs in turning sense of system.
This pulsating movement within that wave-shaped flat cylinder is ´soft´ version of previous hard hit of backstroke within pipes (like e.g. at Hydrostatic Ram), and relative back-damming of radial direction of movements affects acceleration into tangential direction of movements.
Above this, meandering movement of fluid alongside surface of these waved flat cylinder represents flow aside of backward bended surfaces all times. Into these suction areas, fluid falls by molecular movement´s speed, thus flow is accelerated on and on (like described at previous chapters).
Lastly that accelerated flux runs off outside border of discs, again forced to pulsate by previous ´gill-cover´, through backward showing nozzles, so backstroke results turning momentum onto system.
Schauberger all times wanted to construct self-running ´Heimkraftwerke´ (Home-Energy-Stations), he also approved this principle as draft for ´flying discs` - and it´s told, one of these machines crashed through roof of workshop. It´s a question what´s true. It´s only sure, Third Reich like Four Allied Powers were very much interested in his technology (for details study literature, e.g. via PKS).
Schauberger called machines like this ´Repulsine´, but he nor someone else explained this word. Lastly this term got explained by previous analyse of movement´s processes and effects: intermediately back-damming and redirecting radial component of movements result accelerated flux in turning sense of system, enforced again by pulsating outlet at nozzles, same time producing turning momentum onto system.
In concern with these analyses I started consideration, movements of bodies and fluid same time should be movements of ether. Considerations at these chapters however were only first ideas, cause representing thinking by ´here-is-materia / there-is-ether´. Finally at much later chapters I was able to think and argument only by movements of ether within ether (see section ´Ether-Physics´ further down).
Water-Jet versus Air-Pressure
Schauberger also included ´pressure-areas´ practically at all drawings and constructions, again he never explained function of these elements clearly. I also tried by intensive analyses to explain necessity and effect of these overpressure areas. Basis of considerations was a simple experiment of flow theories (at this picture left side).
Water tank in shape of vertical cylinder is mounted turnable around his longitudinal axis. Downside at tank are installed pipes, showing radial outwards, then are bended backward, so nozzles show into tangential direction. Water flows out through pipes and by back-stroke whole cylinder comes into turning movement. If water got off, system will stop by friction losses. Effective forces etc. are well to study and calculate by this well known experiment.
By common understanding, e.g. back-stroke results of pressure difference, as at frontside of pipe exists static pressure of water, while at nozzle exists no corresponding pressure of air. At mouth of nozzle exists kinetic energy, corresponding to flux there. This energy in principle is proportional to mass flowing off and is proportional by square to speed of these masses.
Versus this pressure of water jet would affect static atmospheric pressure - if air at mouth of nozzle would rest. In reality however, water jet drags surrounding air into its direction, so ring-vortex will come up around nozzle-mouth and alongside water-jet, existing as long as water flows. So at mouth of nozzle not at all is affecting static atmospheric pressure directly opposite, but water jet is accompanied by air flux of same direction, until water-jet disappears into water surface resp. until air moves back in shape of ring vortex.
At this well known experiment, thus water would also flow out, if at outlet area would exist over-air-pressure. Air weights thousand times less than water, thus water jet can easy produce this air vortex movement, also within a basin of higher air pressure.
At previous picture at right side, experiment is changed top-down: water from downside is guided up to nozzles - by high pressure existing within whole system (area of high air-pressure is marked green). Water still flows out of nozzles, cause water-jet still has no opposite static air pressure, but air still is moving same direction.
So function of Schauberger´s pressure-areas is transporting fluid back to upper level. At chapter Pneumatic-Water-Turbine is described analyse of pressure-areas of Schauberger´s Home-Energy-Station and I designed corresponding construction, reduced to essential elements (which could well be designed much less complex).
Resonant Pulsating
Previous explanations of term ´Repulsine´ like function of ´pressure areas´ at Schauberger´s papers were merely paid attention. Only one excellent specialist confirmed my considerations immediately: Rainer Schmieg. This man made many inventions and patents and above this, produces lots of most complex constructional elements and items. One un-common machines is his Resonance-Turbine, at which rotor turns free within medium (so without any mechanical bearings).
As experienced machine-constructor, he installed complex elements for previous effects into housing, so rotor lastly got rather simple element. Above this, he doesn´t use air-pressure for intermediate storage of energies, but lets run pressure-wave direct through water and mirrors it that kind, resonant swinging within medium comes up.
I took his concept and added some parts, so self-running motor results. In principle, air-pressure (DL, German Druckluft) lifts water (WA) some centimetres upwards, via inlet (ZU, German Zufluss) to nozzle (DÜ, German Düse). By turning rotor (RO) upside of nozzle, outlet is alternating open and closed.
Flux of open nozzle is abruptly stopped and back-stroke comes up. This pressure wave runs back through backstroke-area (RR, German Rückschlag-Raum), is mirrored at backside wall, and again is running ahead to nozzle. That very moment, nozzle becomes opened and water exits by sound speed. This hard jet is redirected by turbine-vane (TS, German Turbinen-Schaufel), turning momentum is produced, water flows off outward-aside. Previous ´vane´ of rotor is a channel of special shape, within which exists strong stationary vortex, which allows no counter-pressure onto water-jet.
Effect of resonant swinging is well know and used by most effective applications, e.g. at loading of combustion-motors. At this Resonance-Turbine here, not speed of technical flows is transferred into turning momentum, but pressure-wave affects onto rotor by its sound-speed. There is no question, kinetic energy of that water movement is not ´impressed´ by a little bit more air pressure (even this air moves same direction). It´s only question, whether one ´likes´ true fact and likes to construct self-running motors.
Make and take Tides
At chapter Tide-Energy-Station once more are involved pulsation and effect of lift, acceleration and deceleration, application of suction and pressure.
However, ´tides´ here are produced within shall tank, however totally analogue to movement´s system of earth and moon. At common literature, low and high tide still are explained by attracting forces of moon. Other explanations point out rotation around eccentris axis (mass centre of earth plus moon).
Indeed, surface of earth thus moves faster and slower through space. Solid earth´s crust must follow acceleration and deceleration, waters of oceans however will not follow in total. Only based at these considerations, I managed to explain why there are a large high tide (in shape of wave rolling ahead) and a smaller high tide (in shape of backward in-rolling wave).
These movement´s processes and their usage (also by pure mechanics) are described at chapter Moon-Motor and Tide-Energy-Station. Gear for simulating earth-moon-movements is already one version of rotor-systems, which are described further down.
Summary
These chapters of appendix to Fluid-Technology thus brought quite new points of view, which are not noted by common science of flow-techniques or which effects at least are not consequently realized by common machines. Nevertheless, surplus of benefits is to achieve just by using these pulsating processes.
At next chapter are listed most important ideas I probably contributed, as final Summery of my workouts concerning fluid techniques.
Evert / 18.01.2004
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