At chapter Perpetuum Mobile Fourth Kind was mentioned, how stabile status is to disturb, becoming labile status and if disturbance is stopped, automatically stabile status is regenerated - and usable energy is to earn by this movement. Besides others, this principle well should be usable concerning equal spreading of electrostatic charges.
occurrences of electrostatics were starting points of development of electrotechnics. Soon also electromagnetic characteristics were known and effective generators were constructed. However, there is valid rule of Heinrich Lenz, as every produced current will demand input of power same amount. So, by electric generators mechanical energy is only transformed into electric energy, vice versa by electric motors.
On the other hand, by electrostatic machines energy is seemingly produced ´by nothing´, e.g. at influence machines. Just last months, diverse inventors and explorers seem to be interested in electrostatics more and more. For example, diverse experiments concerning this subject are described at website of Harald Chmela and Richard Smetana (see External Links, HC&RS, only in German). Especially at chapter ´Problems of Capacitor´ are discussed energy ´losses´ by compensation of charges between capacitors. By reverse-conclusion is mentioned possibility of energy-earnings, however authors themselves call explanation of that effect ´rather esoteric´.
By this chapter here, I will point out totally concrete possibility and source for generating Free Energy in shape of electricity. At first, starting points of view briefly are shown, then technical arrangements of mechanics and circuits are discussed. Afterwards, concrete source of energy is described in details, according to principles of Perpetuum Mobile Fourth Kind and by some elements of my new Ether-Physics. Finally, comparison between Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator and common generators like known influence machines will point out importance of this new concept.
Starting Points
At picture EV ESSG 01 are shown two metallic sheets (A and B), connected by wire and switch. By opened switch (C) both sheets can be loaded by different charges.
If afterwards switch is closed (D), compensation of both charges will occur. Current flowing within wire represents kinetic energy. Current will swing between sheets (E and F) by damped oscillations. However, process is not to repeat.
If both sheets would show variable surfaces, flow could be ordered, e.g. by synchronous variation of two turning-capacitors (like were installed at early radio receivers).
Analogue, at G and H are drawn two cylinder-capacitors. Inside of both outer cylinders, as mutual opposite pole, a smaller cylinder (K) is installed, movable alongside central axis. That cylinder will show larger capacity, within which most part of opposite pole is situated. Thus electric flux within wire between both outer cylinders is achieved by mechanical movement of inner cylinder.
Capacity of a capacitor is enlarged, if between both metallic sheets is arranged dielectricum sheet or block. Isolators of that kind replace rather small relative permittivity (1.0) of air by most larger protecting effect (e.g. Teflon (2.1), paper (3.5), porcelain (6.5) or mica (7.0) up to titanoxid (100.0)). Isolating effect will work also without opposite pole.
At M and N are drawn two metallic sheets connected by wire. If alongside these sheets a dielectricum (P) is moved, capacity of both metallic sheets will change. Current thus will flow from one sheet to the other via this wire.
Here e.g., sheet M could be charged at its maximum (within surrounding air), while sheet N does show larger capacity and could be charged stronger (based at its partly protection by isolator P). If now dielectricum P is moved to left side, right sheet will become oversaturated and same time capacity of sheet left side is enlarged. Corresponding to these changes, current will flow between both sheets.
Normally, circuits are organized between minus and plus poles. Normally, at capacitors is important voltage between both different poles. Both won´t matter here. It´s only important to organize current between like poles (of different and changing charges and variable capacity). It will make sense (see below) to use only likely (negative) charged sheets (so not to use capacitors with two poles).
Circle Process
Instead of movement back and forth, continuous process would be better, i.e. dielectricum should rotate alongside metallic sheets resp. all elements are to arrange circle-like. At picture EV ESSG 02 now is shown circled arrangement, however circumference is rolled out.
At A schmeatically are drawn four elements of dielectricum (DI) which are installed at a rotor. Below are drawn six matallic sheets which are installed at stator, where sheets e.g. are made by copper (CU, German Kupfer). At the following these parts are called ´dielctricum´ (DI) resp. ´sheet´ (CU).
At position shown here, four sheets are surrounded by air both sides, while two sheets (C) at one side are protected by dielectricum. Momentanous (partly) isolated sheets show larger capacity. When starting system, all sheet at first are to charge up (D), e.g. by an accumulator.
Sheets are stationary within space, while dielectricum is turnable. At B is shown situation, where dielectricum did turn half phase ahead (here to right side).
Capacity of sheet E thus is diminished, while sheet F gets steady larger capacity, i.e. current will flow from E to F. So currents flowing out of sheets move into same direction (counter turning sense of dielectricum, here to left), within wires between each sheets should be installed rectifiers (G, German Gleichrichter).
At C situation is shown, where dielectricum again did turn half phase (so one phase corresponds to length of sheet). Both sheets opposite to each dielectricum show larger capacities and stronger charges. By further turning of dielectricum, thus current will flow within (each two) wires K, afterwards within wires L and lastly within wires M, each during one phase.
Inducted Current
Current represents energy (its basic cause and strength is discussed below). Current within conductor induces current in neighbouring conductor. By inducted current e.g. an accumulator can be charged. This process schematically is shown at picture EV ESSG 03.
At upper part of picture, situation of picture above at C is drawn once more with dielectricum movable from left to right (DI) and stationary sheets (CU).
At central part, induction coils (A) schematically are marked. Wires between sheets are guided via primary coils (B). Inducted current of secondary coil (C) is connected with accumulator (D) resp. constructional elements of battery charger.
At part below, accumulator schematically is marked. By this accumulator is supplied motor (E) for turning dielectricum-rotor and there is voltage resp. power supply available for other consumers (F).
This drawing only shows principles. Experts will know suitable constructional elements. As an example, this system is doubled, i.e. corresponding circuits of wires etc. naturally could be arranged other kind.
In principle, direct current is running within primary coils, by three phases (marked blue, red and grey). By changing currents, each secondary current is induced. Thus chopped direct current flows towards accumulator.
Mechanics
At picture EV ESSG 04 mechanical arrangement is drawn schematically. Animation upside left shows corresponding elements in motion.
Previous four elements of dielectricum (DI) are arranged crosswise around system axis (SA). Previous six elements of copper-sheets (CU) in principle are shaped likely and are stationary fixed within housing (GE, German Gehäuse).
Right side, by longitudinal cross-sectional view is marked, how shaft (SA) of dielectricums (DI) is beared turnable within housing (GE). Copper-sheets (CU) are installed aside of sheets of dielectricum. Naturally, more modules like this one could be installed at central shaft. Also more or less dielectricum and sheets could be used (in relation two to three). Also this drawing is purely schematical, all dimensions and relations are to determine by experts expediently.
Drive of this generator has to be done by any motor. If this machine is installed within vehicle any kind, electric engine can serve for drive of vehicle and same time can drive dielectricum-rotor of generator.
Capacitor-Version
Upside at starting points was mentioned variable capacity of turning-capacitors. At picture EV ESSG 06 corresponding version with opposite poled capacitor-sheets schematically is shown.
Instead of dielectricum here a rotor with two positive charged sheets (P) is drawn. Three negative charged sheets (N) are installed within housing (GE). Also at both sides of positive rotor could be installed each three negative sheets or several modules of positive and negative charges could be installed at system axis (SA).
At this picture downside are shown three positions (A, B and C), where rotor turns alongside stator-sheets (counter clock-wise). Actual capacity of capacitor corresponds to each commonly shared surfaces. When starting system, again all sheets should be charged positive resp. negative.
By turning of rotor, e.g. capacity of sheet D is reduced while capacity of sheet E is enlarged. Via wire (here not marked) between both sheets, thus current will flow, counter turning sense of rotor. So current here will occur phasewise between negative charged sheets, counter clock-wise. Analogue to circuit above, by induction coils an accumulator is charged. Same time, charges within positive sheets (P) will move from one to the other sheet via central connection.
This system is a simple module with only two positive and three negative sheets. By animation left side below, process of movements are visualized. Common surface between one pair of sheets decreases, common surface of following (in clock-wise sense) pair of sheet increases. Between both ´capacitors´ current will flow.
Each third negative sheet is not involved at this phase. Within three circuits of wires between negative sheets, thus within each one phase only within one lead wire exists rising impulse of current, which is usable within induction coils.
At this capacitor-version simply is used air as isolator between sheets. This version thus won´t be as effective as dielectricum-versions above, based on much stronger protecting effect by high permittivity of dielectric materials.
Usage of opposite poled capacitor sheets at this machine, thus wouldn´t be good idea (as in addition and strictly speaking, positive ´charges´ don´t exist at all, see below). So this capacitor-version here is implemented only for better understanding of working processes of this machine in general.
Nevertheless, this animation visualizes an other effect: speed of changes of common surfaces increases from inside towards outside. Relative capacity of capacitor thus changes within sheets by different speeds. So changes of charges within sheets will occur differently, i.e. different currents come up. So characteristics of current impulse within primary coil of induction coils are to determine by shape of sheets.
If sheets are shaped as circle-segments (e.g. like CU at upside picture EV ESSG 04), there will come up flux in radial direction on surfaces of sheets. So besides shape of sheets it´s also important, where lead wires are connected to sheets (see below).
Ether-Physics
As mechanics of this Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator and principles of its current flows are discussed, now real source and real cause of movements of charges are considered. Detailed description and real essence of all occurrences will be presented at new release of my Ether-Physics. So here only some elements concerning this subject are briefly reported.
Today, via television, everyone knows picture of atoms, e.g. by nanotechnics. Atoms appear like ´cloudy hills´ at photos of electronic microskopes. However, outside of these hills is not nothing, but outside like inside is nothing else than ether - only ether here and there moves different kind.
Indeed, there is ´unsharpness´ (like quantum physics tells), however not cause particles are out of focus, any ´parts´ are to see only blurredly. Instead of, light is reflected at different locations, only where ether actually is at most strongest movement (and thus can´t take additional overlays of other movements). So ether only there - at varying locations - affects reflection of ´lights´.
Ether movements, in general can not be linear nor circled, but only spiralic with steady changing radius around wandering fulcrums, all and every time by varying speeds. Basically, also every movement into one direction forcibly (but only if ether is considered to be indivisible continuum) demands additional movement in right angles direction (what´s essential property e.g. of all electromagnetic occurrences).
Movement´s of Free Ether (opposite to Bounded Ether of material occurrences) are at scales much below ´quants´ (of conventional diction). Movements tracks look like ´spiral clusters´, macroscopic image of that movement´s structure is DNA. Only small part of all ether represents material occurrences with its relative large structures of movements (for example of ´electrons´).
Pressure of Free Ether
Basic movements of Free Ether with its small-dimensioned motions affect steady ´pressure´ versus all larger scaled movements, wants to minimize them. Large-scale motions overlay small-scale motions, by simplistic example like two circled movements overlay. While both movements show same direction, that´s no problem. As small-scale ´circle´-movements now turns into opposite direction, problems come up. There are not moving separated parts, but coherent ether. Within ether, no counter-directed movements are possible nearby (only at ´astronomic distances´, relatively looked at), so dominating Free Ether pushes versus large-scale movements (like any macroskopic countermovements affect rejection).
Only within motion´s compounds (by mutual protection) large-scale structures of movements can exist, like e.g. atoms (as movement´s compound of electrons). Depending on kind of atom, its surface shows different structure, e.g. valence-electrons (all left-turning in general) rise above surface (building hills), while at depression areas (between these hills) counter-directed movements are (nevertheless, all these movements not at simple circled tracks by constant speeds, but steady by spiralic ´twisting´ and ´tumbling´ turnings).
Only if vortice-structures geometrically fit to each other, atoms can build ´chemical´ compounds (molecules) or ´physical´ compounds (grids resp. crystals). At surfaces (while inside only very limited) around its ´hills´ additional movement´s vortices (negative ´cyclones, low-pressure areas´) can come up resp. within ´valleys´ flat counter-movements (positive ´high-pressure-areas´) can be stored.
These additional movements are not necessary for stability of atom resp. an atom-compound, these are only movements ´sticked-on´. Naturally general pressure of Free Ether weights at these areas, so ´charges´ can only survive protected by material movement´s compound (e.g. at separated parts of air, at relatively homogenous grid-surface of conductive metals resp. within confusing surfaces of amorphous matter).
At these surfaces, prevailingly valleys can be filled up resp. appear extended (positive charges) or around hills extended ´vortice-clouds´ (negative charges) are attached. At any case however, general pressure of surrounding Free Ether will keep ´landscape´ as flat as possible.
Ether-Continuum
Only if ether is understood as real continuum, these occurrences coming up and existing inevitably are to explain sensefully. Only this general pressure is real cause of any flow of charges. By common understanding, ´free electrons´ within conductors are vehicle of electric flux - disregarding evident fact, electrons (or defect-´holes´) crawl ahead only few millimeters each second. That movement of ´free electrons´ within (semi-) conductors can only be casual symptom of electric currents (see below).
With speed of light however, compensation will occur as soon as conductors with different charges meet. Movements occur at surfaces of conductors by movement-pressure of Free Ether - whereby speed of ether´s motion naturally is far above speed of light (which only is speed of signals).
Only by this understanding of ether e.g. results occurrence, charges ´automatically´ are spread equally at whole surface, ´nature´ generates stabile status ´without costs´. If this status is disturbed (labile status is produced) and afterwards disturbance is stopped, system by itself will ´fall back´ into stabile status. These are principles of Perpetuum Mobile Fourth Kind, applicable at its best onto electrostatic processes.
Here by Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator, both processes are organized simulatously: disturbance (protecting sheets by isolator with its concentration of charges) and taking off disturbance (by moving isolator off charged sheet with automatic regeneration of equal spreading). Flux of charges between actually oversaturated areas to areas of actually free capacity - is for free.
Naturally, readers but hard will understand these brief statements about my understanding of ether. Some points of view are already available by Ether-Continuum-Theory of this website. Extensive deductions and discussions about all chemical and physical processes and occurrences (and some more) however will demand many chapters of new ´Ether-Physics and -Philosophy´, at which I am working at the moment (and will be available some later this year).
Charges at Conductor and Isolator
After these general considerations about ether as basis of all charges and its movements, now concrete processes within Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator are to consider. It will make sense to use isolating effect of materials with most strongest permittivity. That´s why at the following, no longer this previous capacitor-version is subject, but above machine with dielectricum and copper-sheets only is discussed.
Picture EV ESSG 08 shows four situations, at which dielectricum (DI) moves from left to right, alongside copper-sheets (CU). These elements are drawn with rounded edges, which will make sense concerning movements of charges like radiation of free ions (see later). Charges (+ resp. -) here are drawn within elements, in reality charges are situated at surfaces of elements resp. will move alongside surfaces.
If dielectricum (A) is not aside of a sheet (CU), it´s electrostatically neutral, at least inside. Only some charges of barrier-layer might have remained.
Correspondingly, sheet (B) without isolator aside, will show small capacity and correspondingly few charges. These charges are spread equally onto whole surface of sheet, based on general pressure of Free Ether. Remember: at starting of systems, all sheets are charged to each maximum, e.g. from accumulator above.
At picture below, dielectircum (C) did move to right and covers half surface of sheet (D). Now less ether-pressure weights onto this common surface between both elements, while onto rest of surface of sheet (still surrounded only by air) full ether-pressure affects. Negative charges of sheet thus are pressed into this ´protected zone´.
Same time, capacity of this sheet is enlarged, while capacity of next sheet further right side (here not drawn) is diminished subsequently. As marked above, thus charges (K) will flow at conducting wire between both sheets. These additional charges will land at partly free surfaces of sheet D (where from earlier charges wandered into protection zone), from there will be pressed into increasing protected part of surface.
These tightly packed charges at that sheet (simply spoken) are conus-shaped movements, now reaching far out into space. At the other side, at surface of dielectricum, now corresponding counter-turning areas consequently are induced resp. also conus-shaped counter-movements inevitable are produced.
Simplified one could imagine, movements are like connected gear-wheels, where shafts of wheels are embodied each opposite surface. However, there are not moving any parts at all, there is moving only coherent substance of ether. So one better would imagine e.g. four left-turning vortices within water, arranged at square, where logically at its center must come up vortice counter-turning.
This process commonly is told building-up of barrier-layer at surface of dielectricum. These attached movements won´t penetrate likely into amorphous structure of dielectric matter. As here no opposite ´capacitor-sheet´ is installed, also at outer side of dielectricum (here upper side) won´t come up opposite barrier-layer, or only few charges will remain.
At this picture further down, dielectricum (E) did move further right side and now is situated opposite to sheet (F). This sheet now shows maximum capacity and is strongly charged, via conductor (K) from next sheet (right side, not drawn here). Most likely charges are concentrated at protected surface, opposite to dielectricum.
At this surface of sheet dominate left-turning movements (and counter-movement reaches until surface of dielectricum). Within grid-structure of conductor these concentrated movements show effects even to other side. Intensive left-turning vortices compress counter-turning within conductor, practically shift them to other side (here downwards).
Again, one shouldn´t imagine gear wheels with fix radius, much better is picture of conus-like water-vortices with variable radius. So circumference of vortices can move inwards and outwards, however can also wander some upwards and downwards within conductor.
At this opposite side (here downside surface of sheet F) of conductor so now are enlarged counter-turning movements (and reach further out into space than previous depression areas there). There are not really positive (opposite poled) charges existing, however these extended counter-vortices enforce inevitably again left-turning areas. Into these areas will fit negative ions of surrounding air.
Into theoretically maximized capacity of sheet (F) also really move lots of charges, at the one hand send from neighbouring sheet via conducting wire (K). At the other hand, also charges (M) practically are ´sucked´ in from surrounding air. In reality, there are no forces of suction, however parts of air move and collide with each other, also hitting onto that downside surface of sheet. If air-parcel bears fitting charge, this charge gets stuck onto that strongly appearing ´positive´ surface of conductor-sheet.
At section most below in this picture, dielectricum (G) did move further right side, now covering only half of sheet (H). Free Ether (at surfaces which now got free) presses concentrate left-turning movements (at upper side of sheet) back into sheet. As a consequence, e.g. just additionally attached charges of free ions (N) now are pushed off resp. are given to colliding parts of air (if these are able to take that charge).
For this sheet, now most parts surrounded only by isolator air, concentration of charges is much too strong in relation to reduced capacity, i.e. this sheet now is ´oversaturated´. As charges can only exist in connection with materia, surplus of charges not only can escape via air (at occasionally available air-parts actually not charged), but by majority will move alongside (continuously available) surface of conducting wire (L) to next sheet (and are welcome based on its actually increasing capacity).
So charges flow via conducting wire (L) to next sheet (left, here not drawn), i.e. to upside wire (K). Between however, circuit is installed via induction coil, so kinetic energy of that flux induces charging current for accumulator.
Real cause of any kinetic pressure of electric current (of movements of charges alongside surfaces of conductors like ´capacitor´-sheets) is previous discussed pressure of Free Ether. By this machine, compensating effect of this pressure phasewise and locally is prevented (by isolating effect of dielectricum), so charges are shifted and concentrated into this temporarily protected zone. Same moment, parts of surface of following sheet are given free for surrounding air (thus normal ether-pressure), so corresponding charges are pressed from unprotected area into protected area, phase by phase, from sheet to next.
Comparison with conventional Electric Generators
Difference between Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator and conventional generators is like difference between Coulomb (attracting forces of unlike charges) and Lenz (opposite magnetic forces).
Normally current is produced by moving a conductor through magnetic field. Current induced, by itself produces magnetic field and its forces are exactly same amount and exactly opposite direction of original mechanical movement. Lines of both magnetic fields collide ´frontally´, its ether movements are totally opposite. These movements can not penetrate mutually, so mutual resistance affects back into its material sources. Only by ´violence´ these opposing ether movements can be redirected, pressed aside for passing each other.
That´s why conventional generators are bound to law of energy-constancy: kinetic energy of produced electric current corresponds to mechanical power for its production. So energy of one kind is only transferred into energy of other kind.
By this process is produced ´hot´ current: ´bulky´ ether movements affect backwards into structure of conductor, atoms somehow are shifted (so not only atoms of iron cores are concerned, based on changing directions of magnetic fields, but some ´heat´ in general comes up). By this process, electric charges not only are ´attached´ onto conductor´s surface, but are also pressed into and through conductor. This will mean, here current also flows partly within conductor (with correspondingly high resistance).
At Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator, dielectricum is moved alongside copper-sheet. Also this process demands power input. While negative charges are accumulated at surface of sheet, at surface of dielectricum that barrier layer is induced, corresponding to positive charge. Both ether movements mutually fit well, left-turning movement of negative charges indeed requires turnings into opposite direction (like mentioned above by connected ´gear-wheels´ resp. communicating conus-like vortices). Based on protection by isolator, both kinds of vortices at both surfaces reach relative far into space (where optimum is given by certain width of air-gaps - like at many electric machines).
Analogue to process, gear-wheels of mechanical transmission are clutched and declutched (e.g. by using reverse gear), so these communicating vortices are to stretch resp. are to pull off each other. As soon as this compound of turning movements got out of protected zone, these vortices are reduced to normal size by general pressure of Free Ether, thus are flattened onto each surface.
However, power demanded for turning of dielectricum rotor (resp. sidewise separation of unlike charges) at electrostatic generator is much less than at electromagnetic generator (comparable e.g. an iron stick is easier to move aside of magnetic stick than at poles of magnets).
Current at Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator is solely produced by power effect of ether-pressure. Charges and their movements occur and are done only at surfaces, so without producing heat and with minimum resistance.
Naturally by producing current, same time its ´magnetic field´ is initiated. Also here is valid, ether doesn´t allow purely linear motion, i.e. charges are not simply moving straight ahead alongside surface of conductor. Each of these movements requires inevitably additional right-angled balancing movements, so charges ´wriggle´ alongside of hilly surfaces. By common understanding, radial part of these movements is called ´magnetic´, its ´twist´ is interpreted as circling closed lines of B-fields. Nevertheless, these magnetic forces can´t show any effects onto copper-sheets nor dielectricum, so here are not relevant (however, see below).
Electromagnetic effect of charge movements here is used only within induction coils, however, these constructional elements work practically without losses. Differing volumes of flow, i.e. rising-up phase of current builds up its magnetic field within primary coil (as well known), and this magnetic field by itself induces current within secondary coil, here used for charging accumulator. Experts will know which kind of induction coils are best for this job.
As certain fact, this Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator not only transfers energy of one kind one-to-one into energy other kind, but here ´cold´ current really is generated by few input of power and nearby null resistance.
Comparison with Influence-Machines
At very beginning of electro technics, influence machines were constructed and astonishing voltages were achieved. For example, it´s also credibly witnessed Testatika is well running current generator (however Swiss group Methernitha won´t offer this machine, based on ethic points of view).
At Internet are presented plans for rebuilding Testatika, e.g. this version by Paul E. Potter (Free Electric Power, see External Links).
Complex construction of Testatika like other (difficult to adjust) influence machines point to fact, at the one hand there exists an usable effect, on the other hand effect not jet is transformed into simple technics, so effect not used at its optimum.
Advantageous at these machines as a rule is, voltage between negative and ´positive´ (see below) charges are used, while conception above uses only differences between likely charges (in reality, of locally different density of negative charges).
Problematic at influence machines is, charges are taken only from air, i.e performance is ´weather-dependent´. Opposite, Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator is charged up when starting system, at running modes ejects ions and takes ions. If this generator is constructed within housing e.g. of aluminium, there will exist constant ´climate´ with suitable conditions. Aluminium probably would be suitable matter for protection in general, cause aluminium at chemical compounds offers electrons (building cation Al+++), so can give and take free electrons.
Problematic at influence machines is also taking-off voltages by ´brushes´ or diagonal arranged metal sheets (difficult to build and arrange well). Charges transfer by ´sparks´, conductor there is locally discharged, so further charges can flow behind. This flow of charges practically pulls conductor into its direction, so these machines (after soft starting impulse) run by itselves. However, turning momentum is not very strong, so these machines are constructed rather large for achieving about one full turn each second.
Opposite at concept above, it´s not aim to achieve self-running mode but motor is used for drive of rotor. By this measurement, Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator naturally can be build much more compact and will run much faster, i.e. given effect is used repeatedly each time unit, thus performance is essentially stronger.
At influence machines, also dielectricum as rotor (in shape of large disk) is used, at which sheets (mostly of aluminium, right-angled or like circle-segments) are attached. So also at these machines, one side is isolated and shows correspondingly large capacity. However, capacity of these sheets is constant, while Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator works by changing capacities and variable density of charges. That´s most important difference between this concept and probably all other influence machines.
In addition there is an other grave difference, as at Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator charges are not transported via (isolating) air, but separated sheets are connected by circuit of electric conductors, i.e. current can flow by much less resistance.
This aspect might be decisive for performance: while influence machines build up enormous voltages but producing only few flow of charges, Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator works by comparably small differences of density of charges, but charges are in steady motions, during two of three phases building rising-up and going-down flows. Instead of only potential energy (high voltage) thus at Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator dominates kinetic energy of practically steady current (high amperage), within changing phases, by three conductive wires, with varying impulses of flow.
No positive charges
Among others, atoms are build of electrons and bear electrons at their surface. Electrons are negative (turning into different directions, however all times left hand). Atoms may get ´lost´ of electrons, so ´free´ electrons may ´vagabond´ temporary between atoms or may attach onto surface of other atoms, so these carry ´negative charge´ (show additional left-turning movements).
Giving atom got poor, don´t bear ´positive charge´, it only got some place at its surface for re-storage of an other electron. Place between (generally left-turning) valence-electrons is a deepening, within which ether inevitably has to turn by right-hand movements. At positive ions, these parts of surface are relatively extended.
A ´positron´ like this can only exist within atomic compound of its electrons. If this right-turning vortex comes out of atom, so this commonly is told a little spot of ´anti-materia´. This movement is dissolved immediately by overwhelming Free Ether, which generally is left-turning (will be described at new Ether-Physics in details).
So there can not exist any positive ´charge´ at conductors, it´s surface only seams positive, if there are relative large parts turning right in general, thus allowing or inviting storage of left-turning movements.
If dielectricum above is protecting conductor surface, so left-turnings of attached charges will reach far out in space (and correspondingly right-turnings at opposite surface of dielectricum). At conductor, at this side left-turning dominates, also valence electrons are drawn some outwards into that protected zone, i.e. structure of grid is some kind shifted (that´s why these sheets should show large surface but be rather thin).
One may not imagine atoms to be like rigid mechanical gears, but like pasty dough, rather liquid and within steady turnings, multiply overlayed (like one would prepare batter before baking bread). For example, it´s also well known, atoms ´tremple´ within grid-structure even of most solid crystals. Correspondingly ´elastic´ also is material of conductor and allows some internal dislocations based on changes at its surfaces.
If at previous process left-turnings at one side of conductor are intensified resp. shifted to that side, ´inertia´ of required spaces between (opposite turning ´positrons´) still is given - so these occurrences now dominate at other side of conductor. So this side of sheet now looks ´positive´, ready for re-enforcement of left-turnings (by own electrons coming back to their old places) or for attachment of left-turning charges of hitting parts of air.
At a whole it´s not advantageous to organize enlarged voltage of influence machines above by using ´positive´ sheets (one has to take off electrons, but ´holes´ immediately are filled up by negative charges or air-parts).
Opposite, negative charges can be attached without problems and ether-pressure concentrates charges automatically within isolated areas. Also automatically opposite side now appears ´positive´ and sucks in negative charges. So there is no active measurement demanded. That´s why Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator does work only with negative charges at all sheets, however dielectricum is moved ´actively´ by rotor.
No heat
Many explorers of alternative physics often assume, heat is source of energy surplus or energy is drawn off ions. Indeed, also this Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator will become ´cold´ and it will ´smells´ like ionized air. However, these are symptoms, not source of energy earnings.
If parts of air hit onto positive side of sheets, this charge changes surfaces, like discussed above. Naturally this removal of attached charge from air-part is some ´loss of energy´ cause communicating ether movements are tied off. So air-part at surface of sheet won´t be reflected by same impulse but will leave sheet some slower than previously hitting onto surface.
Analogue to this, removal of charges from (oversaturized) sheet onto air is also process, which slows down collision. So parts of air at both processes loose some kinetic energy (not internal, but macroskopic movement´s energy), machine at a whole won´t get hot at running mode.
No resistance
Valid in general is, resistance of current increases proportional to length of conductor. That´s easy to understand, cause ´gradient of charge density´ becomes flattened by longer distances.
Valid in general is, resistance of current decreases by square of radius of conductor - and common conclusion is, current is running within cross-sectional surface of conductor. Opposite to common understanding, I claim charges to move (nearby) exclusively at surface of conductor (so resistance would decrease only by circumference, i.e. only proportionally to radius of conductor).
As mentioned above, surface of conductor is like landscape with deepenings and hills resp. between hills are meandering valleys and passes. There within, charges flow ahead by three-dimensional windings. Structure of surface offers possibility of radial movement. The more homogenous the surface, the better suitable ´riverbed´ is (specific electric resistance resp. electric flux-ability of material).
Process of motions between conductor and charges is also harmonious, as electron-hills and ´positive´ areas between not only are purely left- and right-turning ether movements, but all times there are also movements right-angled to each motion (by spiralic twisting and tumbling movement´s structures mentioned above). At side of conductor, thus flow of charges goes ahead with relative few resistance, at its best on homogenous metal surfaces.
Charges resp. their movements are ether resp. ether movements. These will also reach far outwards (by ´astronomic´ relations), where component of movements right-angles to surface of conductor commonly is called ´magnetic´. These automatically and inevitably required (but only if ether is assumed coherent) balancing movements demand surfaces - outside of conductor, need space into radial directions. If these necessary surfaces are not available, within ether will come up ´stress´ resp. opposite: resistance of electric flow decreases in relation to available surface.
So that´s reason for resistance decreasing by ´square of radius of conductor´, not related to cross-sectional surface within conductor but related to (ring-shaped) surface outside of conductor. That´s why e.g. width of isolation or air-gap (demanded space for ether movements) at many electric machines is of decisive importance. Cause current runs at surfaces of conductors, but needs not only two-dimensional surface alongside conductor but demands space around conductor too.
No Alternating Current
If high-frequency alternating current is ´transported´ importance of ether movements at surface of conductor is obviously: one takes hollow conductors. By alternating current, ether outside of conductor is ´stressed´ by extreme swinging movements right-angles to conductor (and by missing material of hollow conductor, walls of pipe are more elastic, can take these rapid movements like springs).
Stress is caused by charges pushed ahead and back, each time demanding redirection of magnetic ´fields´. So there come up opposite oriented movements, requiring large balancing rooms. Charge by itself is rather small part of all ether ´masses´ moved, charge is only ´tricker´ for extensive movements around conductor.
Practically there is no flux really transporting charges from one place to next, there are only few charges swinging alongside surface of conductor some ahead and back. However, whole ether around conductor is disturbed by restlessness, so ether must build up most complex structures of movements, reaching far out into space. Resistance versus alternating current is only relatively reduced, cause resonant patterns of movements come up and spread alongside conductor.
So not charges by itself are moving alongside conductor from source of voltage to consumer, but it´s ether movement´s structures (ring-shaped) around conductor, which extend along wire (and only by secondary effect make swinging to and fro some charges also far away from generator). There are no real flow nor lots of charges, which could represent potential nor kinetic energy, but energy is represented by high amount of ether in highly restless movements around conductor and alongside total length of wire. If one tries to ´transport´ more than this small amount of charges, resistance goes up by square of amperage.
Balancing movements in radial directions, again require right-angled movements (thus now parallel to conductor) within large surrounding space (´B- and E-field´), again and again. So electromagnetic radiation will result - lastly electro-smog and stress not only for ether.
Direct current, in comparison, results absolutely soft motion: at one end of conductor exists high density of charges, at the other end exists low density of charges. Normal ether pressure ´presses together thick end of sausage and shifts contents to thin end, until skin of sausage is filled up everywhere equally´. Also these shifting movements produce ´magnetic´ components right-angled to surface of conductor, however all are directed likely, so highly harmonious ether motions result, without radiation far into space.
No Current at all
Direct current is well to compare with flow of water within river. Also there is ´voltage´ resp. gradient between source and mouth, different potential energy, which by flux is transferred into kinetic energy of motions.
Also cause of water flow is comparable. At electric direct current, dielectricum protects surface of conductor, so charges are pressed from unprotected to protected areas. Same pressure of Free Ether affects macroscopic (and occurrence is called gravity), however here earth plays role of ´isolator´. By materia of earth, ether pressure of opposite direction is protected. Free Ether no longer is moving symmetric by ´spiral clusters´ tracks, but all movements into direction of earth are faster, while movements outwards of earth are slowed down.
There are no ´attracting´ forces at all, even suction never ever results any movement. Motions are always initiated only by pressure - versus minor pressure (details see Fluid-Technology of this website).
Based on unequal movements of ether (resp. one-sided reduced ether-pressure) thus water molecules flow from source to mouth (resp. are pressed downwards at sloping surface). However, this picture is not correct. Correctly spoken, only ether vortice-structures (which material occurrences of are called H2O) move down stream - while ether by itself practically is stationary (besides its small-scaled movements, maximum by size of molecules, however inclusive their balancing areas).
Only this relatively stationary ether is ´steady´ part of so-called ´gravity-waves´ (while ´stable standing´ waves of common understanding never ever are possible within three-dimensional space, apart of required - and not given - stationary mirror-surface and additionally, of uncertain source of ´stationary gravity waves´).
Imagination of (appearently) flux is visually comparable by waves at ocean. If wind blows constantly, waves pile up, moving ahead hundreds of kilometers, even single crests of waves run for kilometers (especially swell), with quite astonishing speed. At surface of waters, impression of strong movements ahead is obvious - however we all know, each single water drop isn´t moving ahead but turning in circles of maximum some meters (as often demonstrated by pieces of cork).
Only spiral motions - and driftwood
One circle movement isn´t sufficient for building up waves, several circled motions must overlay. Mostly not considered is, waters have to move by different speeds around turning points, which by itself are turning by different speed. So there result movements always at spiral tracks, multiply overlayed, however only variable speeds of all motions can result above occurrence of running-ahead waves.
If some wet piece of wood drifts within water, that matter also will do circling movements. It takes part at movements ahead at water surface, however won´t dip into waters thus deep to take part at all backward movements completely. Resulting of, dirftwood also moves some ahead, however by much less speed than wave´s crests vehemently storm ahead.
Just like behaviour of driftwood are movements of free electrons when electric current is flowing at conductor. At ocean, air is most ´liquid´ element and water is some more ´viscous´. Free Ether comparably is more ´liquid´ than Bounded Ether of atoms or within atom´s compounds. There within, free electrons are not really free to move everywhere. So free electrons within conductor can follow affects of ether movements at surface of conductor not totally - they slowly ´crawl´ some ahead within conductor, while at conductor´s surface exists movement by light speed.
Again, anaolgue to waves at ocean: motion ahead at surface of conductor is only secondary occurrence (only ´apparently´ existing). This impression is caused, as movements of ether nearby conductor´s surface into direction of flux are some faster and (according) movements backwards some outside of conductor are some slower. Ether by itself is nearby ´stationary´ (like water-drops above), only movement´s structure of charges above wander fast into direction of less density of charges.
There is an other difference to consider: within water there are parts shiftable alongside each other, so all axis of all overlaying circled movements show parallel to water surface (right angled to direction of wind). Opposite, ether dosn´t know any parts but is one single coherent matter. Turning axis thus can´t stay parallel at all, but all axis of all movements have to ´tumble´ on and on, again all times by left turn. Resulting of is no linear ´flux´, but ´winding-ahead´ over hilly landscape of conductor´s surface, as mentioned above.
Optimum shape
After these considerations in general, some hints to concrete concept of Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator are offered.
In order to produce current ´soft´ kind, only likely charges are to use, flowing same direction (however by increasing and decreasing intensity). In order to avoid losses, surfaces should be most homogenous and especially all connections of sheets and conducting wires must be ´flowing´, i.e. with smooth transition of all surfaces.
Opposite to normal capacitors, dielectricum and sheets must not show same shape and dimension. At picture EV ESSG 10 for example, sheets are drawn as circled surfaces and dielectricum as circle-segments. Rotor is shown by three positions while turning, corresponding animation shows elements in motion.
Mutually covered part of surfaces is small at the beginning, then increases faster, until decreasing correspondingly. So there results increasingly rising-up and going-down current impulse. By design of both surfaces, thus design of current is to form that kind, within induction coils is produced charging current at its best. Wires to and from sheets, at this example should be installed in front and backside (in turning sense of rotor).
It´s absolutely possible to install each one rotor with dielectricum at both sides of sheets. Naturally current-generators with different performances are to construct by arrangement of several modules at system axis.
At construction, in general should be considered three assembly sections above: section of generator by itself (rotor and sheets) is to store within separated part of housing, so suitable ´clima´ of ionized air is steady (probably this part of housing should be charged negative when starting system). Area of induction coils should be separated (or isolated) in order to avoid influences of electromagnetic fields to section of generator. Third section of accumulator inclusive control-unit will be separated anyway.
In principle, accumulator is only demanded for starting system. Afterwards, generator will produce much more current than required for drive of rotor. Rest of current is constantly available for other consumers.
If generator shall produce current for differing supply of consumers, accumulators of suitable capacity are to install as energy buffers. However control could be organized that kind, generator-modules are to switch on / off at running modus.
Constructional Variations
Naturally, presented concept of Electrostatic-Electricitygeneraor technically is to realize by multiple versions. Here once more, quite other design is shown.
At normal sheet-capacitors, capacity is enlarged (and voltage is diminished), if distance between both surfaces is reduced, vice versa (and both occurrences are based on charges movement and ether-pressure described above). So instead of rotation above, one also could move dielectricum to and fro, parallel to copper-sheets.
Corresponding mechanics schematically are show at picture EC ESSG 12, working similar to piston of ´boxer-motor´. Upside and downside are two sheets (CU) fix installed within housing (here not drawn). Between both sheets, dielectricum (DI) is movable linear. In principle, one could use normal crank-shaft with connecting rod, here is drawn special version of (see Machine-Inventions of Fluid-Technology).
Around system axis (SA) is turning a crank-shaft (KW, German Kurbelwelle), its situation is marked by four positions (A, B, C and D), each after 90 degrees turning clock-wise. Dielectricum practically is a piston (KO, German Kolben), which is guided within cylinder of housing (indicated only at animation). Piston at center shows round drilling. Within that drilling is turning (opposite direction of crank-shaft) a circle-round element with excentric drilling (and within this drilling is turning crank-shaft). This element functions like connecting rod (PS, German Pleuelstange).
This gear practically is a camshaft with balancing element, running well also by high speeds. Whole gear e.g. could be made by ceramic matter. In reality, much less stroke distances are demanded than marked at this schematic drawing. ´Trembling´ within millimeters will be sufficient.
Capacity is depending on actual distance between dielectricum and sheet, depending on direction of dielectricum movement current is flowing between sheets (and to use by suitable circuits by principles discussed above). This system has to ´breath´, i.e. air must flow between dielectricum and sheet inwards and outwards. This machine ´pumps´ air, but will produce not at all only cold air.
Movement of air, at this system might probably be biggest problem. That´s why lastly pure rotor-systems could be most easy to construct (e.g. round instead of plane surfaces) and show most reliability at long-term usage. At picture EV ESSG 14 once more a rotor-version schematically is drawn.
Dielectricum (DI) here practically is a rod, turning around system axis (SA). Sheets (CU) are arranged at a round cylinder of housing (GE). Based on constant radius, dielectricum moves by steady speed alongside whole surface of sheets. By suitable shape of sheets, e.g. like at EV ESSG 10 as circle-round disks (however with bended surface), shape of wanted current impulse is to design.
Naturally, all versions above are also to construct by diverse modules at axial direction. Also generators with high performance thus are to build by rather compact volume. Just this last animation remembers at conventional generators - however by this concept here, electric current is produced ´soft´ kind and much more effective manner.
Looking forward
This Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator will serve for decentral power supply as stationary unit. Above this it´s usable at vehicles diverse kind with best relation of performance and weight.
All that stuff above, again I present as pure claims, based on nothing else than my understanding of ether. By sure, most readers will find these brief statements concerning ether ´rather esoteric´ (but every fact above and many more, I will describe in details, with lots of drawings and animations, within following months, at new Ether-Physics and -Philosophy).
One fact is sure: electricity doesn´t show its properties cause of formulas and abstract terms for calculations and discussions - but based on totally real ´material´ processes. The only real and comprehensive substance - for me and lots of others - is ether. However, only by assuming certain properties of ether, processes above are to explain well. With known formulas is to work well and machines are to dimension at its best. However, only by best resp. ´most true´ understanding of essence of causing basics and relations, one will be able to design really optimum machines. For me, principles of Perpetuum Mobile Fourth Kind is most true statement and ideally applied at electrostatic charges.
Approval of basic functions of Electrostatic-Electricitygenerator should be possible soon. Also reliable running products could be developed by experts in foreseeable future. That´s what I am convinced of and I hope, some got convinced by considerations above.
Many skilful men make handicrafts of remarkable quality by electric and electronic elements. Probably some are strongly interested in previous ideas and want to approve it really. That´s what I am looking forward, for results and reports, of positive like negative ´charges´.
Evert / 13.01.2003
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