At previous chapter Merry-go-round strange movements were studied, based at playground apparatus. Gymnastic apparatus with movements of great elegancy is ´Rhönrad´. Turning wheel is achieved by shifting masses. Now is to concider, a wheel couldn´t turn by mechanical automatism of shifting masses.
EV MGR 21 shows a person within Röhnrad, at A in labile balance (mass is showing radially upwards). If now mass is shifted a little bit to left side (B), wheel will start to roll towards left side.
Relative position of mass can be hold (C) and is to move back to radial direction downside or within upward-phase.
Naturally, mass-shifting here is done by muscle power, however with few demand of power. At a wheel already rolling, that person e.g. can keep radial position until most upside point has passed. Sloping aside then is done only by weight. Opposite, moving back to radial position, at upward-phase is also done only by weight.
Rolling wheel on and on is to achieve by diverse actions. Essential characteristic however is, effective mass has to run ahead general turning at some phases. Question now is, whether this approach couldn´t be achieved by pure mechanical control.
Hamster-Running-Wheel
At EV MGR 22 outer wheel is called rotor arm (RT, German Rotorträger), like at previous chapters. Now, this wheel won´t roll at ground, but will turn around system axis (SA). Turning here is assumed counter-clock-wise all times. Effective mass is rotor (RO), here drawn ring shaped. Its center is marked as rotor axis (RA).
If large wheel (at A) is started turning around system axis, small wheel of rotor will also turn around its axis. Turning speeds depend on relation of both radius. If friction is neglected, when started once, this system will run continuously.
Naturally there is no self-acceleration at all. Acceleration could only be achieved by input of muscle power, e.g. if effective mass in shape of hamster will run within its wheel. So in principle is demanded, rotor must show additional movements, so additional energies could show additional effects.
Excentric Wall
Therefore, in EV MGR 22 at B, within rotor arm (RT) an excentric running-track is marked, which is called excentric wall EW). Center of that excentric wall is marked as excentric axis (EA). While rotor arm (RT) is turning, excenter axis will also turn around system axis. Correspondingly, excentric wall will move within space. At EV MGR 22 at C, for example, four positions of excentric wall are marked while one full turn.
Ring shaped rotor within excentric wall, all times will keep most low supporting point, possible every moment, based at its weight. Also that point of support will move at circled track (at C, small circle downside). Radius of that circled track corresponds to excentrity above (distance between system axis and excentric axis).
By this animation, way of supporting point is to see by that rotor (here e.g. drawn as small ball), which all times wants to be positioned at most low level.
An other rather important fact, by this constellation is to recognice. Excentric axic is turning by constand speed, thus also excentric wall. Supporting point thus will move within space, from quite left to right side, within same time, is moving back from right to left side.
So excentric wall all times is moving downside of rotor from left to right (counter clock-wise), by same angles-speed, steadily (while rotor is rolling at that surface). However, outer parts of wall (dark grey) move at larger radius to system axis than inner parts of wall (light grey). This means, supporting track below rotor does move by differing (absolute) speeds. If rotor shall keep most low possible position of supporting point, thus rotor will have to turn around its axis by differing speeds.
Three Motions
Theses facts are demonstrated at EV MGR 24. At A, once more basic design is shown, with rotor arm (RT) and its system axis (SA). Within rotor arm (RT) is arranged excentric wall (EW), concentric to its excenter axis (EA). Rotor (RO) here is marked ring shaped, concentric to its rotor axis (RA). Excentric wall and rotor are drawn at most low positions.
If rotor arm (RT) is started to turn, also rotor will turn, however there are three motions at supporting point. Upside, when rotor was rolling within a track concentric to system axis, rotor all times was at most lowest position. Now here, rotor indeed is pulled up and dropped. By this rising and falling however, no energy-surplus can result. So this first motion, at any case is neutral and to neglect.
In EV MGR 24 at B is marked (by parts, in larger scale) additional turning of excentric axis (EA) around system axis (SA) and parallel to this, that circled movement of supporting point (AP, German Auflagepunkt) within space (on each section of excentic wall (EW)). So in addition to above motion upwards - downwards, now movement ahead and back is given (relativ to system turning in general). This second motion could be relevant.
In EV MGR 24 at C, third motion is marked, that movement of excentric wall downside of rotor, with its differing speeds. Angles-speed is constant, absolute speeds within space however are different, depending at each distance to system axis. That difference of speeds is an essential element for effects of given forces.
Balancing Act
In principle, rotor is always at stable status, at most low possible supporting point. If now however this supporting point moves within space, labile status well could come up. ´Balacing act´ of mass at moving support is demonstrated by EV MGR 25.
Excentic wall (EW) here is represented by palm of one´s hand. Rotor (RO) e.g. could be a stick. At starting position, mass is vertical upside of supporting point (AP), here marked by position 1.
At this picture left side (A) now is shown, how stick will move when support is moved at circled track discussed above, counter clock-wise.
If hand is moved upwards-right, stick at first will fall to left side (2), afterward is moved some upwards (3). Then, hand is moved upwards-left (4) and stick - keeping this tilted direction - is moved left side up. Further turning-ahead (5) of stick is not to stop, even by following phase where hand is moved down-left (6 and 7).
So this balancing act will fail. As an essential result is to state, by this kind of movement, effective mass of rotor will run ahead systems turning.
Opposite situation is marked at this picture at B. There, starting position is most upside position of rotor (1) and supporting point is moved at downward-phase of circled track discussed above.
By moving hand downwards-left, rotor at first will fall towards right side (2 and 3). Afterwards. supporting point is moved down-right, so mass will come vertical upside of supporting point. Finally at positions 6 or 7 supporting point will come vertical below mass. That kind, we normally practice that balancing act successfully.
Unequal Mass Movements
When both movements (of circled upward- and downward-phase) are added, is to state, rotor will run ahead turning movement, if only one time rotor tilting to left side.
Above this, rotor at this example is stick-shaped and its weights could be looked at to be concentrated at one central point of mass. By upside design however, effective mass is ring-shaped (in addition turning around its axis). So example more realistic would be to balance a ring (or ball) within palm of hand, like EV MGR 26 schematically shows.
Masses of turning ring can not be looked at to be concentrated at one central point, cause each part of mass (here marked by M1 to M4) is moving into different directions.
For example, at situation marked at upside picture EV MGR 25 at B, a ring-shaped rotor in most upward position (1) with its upside mass would turn to left, thus wouldn´t like to fall staight down. Opposite at this picture at A, rotor´s tilting to left side would be much stronger.
At a balancing act corresponding to EV MGR 26, supporting point is not fix (like at previous EV MGR 25), but supporting point can wander within bended supporting surface. So everyone knows to balance e.g. an egg on a spoon - and by movements like previous circled track of support, at which side egg will fall to ground.
So it is to state, by movements of supporting surface (excentic wall) at circled track, there won´t be steady turning of rotor nore rotor will keep lowest possible supporting point all times. Inevitably, masses of rotor will run ahead of turning speed of system, at least within some phases, at least parts of rotor mass.
Wheel at track moved
At previous examples, differing speeds of supporting surface (previous third kind of motion) were not included. In earlier chapter Wheels at Tracks moved essential characteristics of that kind of movements are described in details. Resulting effects of these movements, also here are of decisive importance.
In EV MGR 27 acceleration effect schematically is shown. Rotor (RO) is ring shaped, four parts of mass (M1 to M4) are marked. This ring is turning around its rotor axis (RA), however is not guided there by any shaft. Supporting surface of rotor is excentric wall (EW), here shown as plane surface. That surface could also be e.g. a soft running band with a small depression (dent) within.
At A that supporting surface (EW) does move to right with certain speed. Rotor does turn so fast, its axis stands still in space (e.g. upside of that depression within soft band). Then, all parts of mass move by same speed, however in diverse directions. Inertia of each part of mass does shown into direction marked by arrows.
At B now, supporting surface is accelerated, thus moving faster to right side (marked by dark grey, longer arrow). This rotor-ring will re-act quite other kind than a wheel guided by central shaft. Only mass (downside) directly above supporting point is accelerated correspondingly. Mass at upward-phase (right side) is accelerated and shifted a little bit upward-right. Mass at downward-phase (left) is accelerated and shifted a little bit downward-right. Practically unchanged is speed and direction of mass quite upside. So this ring behaves like a pendulum, pushed into swinging motion (to right side) around a turning point (DP, German Drehpunkt) rather upside (of center of ring).
By acceleration of supporting surface, thus center of ring is move some towards right side. Relative to that theoretical rotor axis, all mass points of rotor are accelerated.
Oppositie, quite other consequences will occure by deceleration of supporting surface, like shown at C (and marked by light grey, shorter arrow). Ring won´t be decelerated correspondingly. By its given turning speed, ring now will roll to left side, now behaving like normal wheel.
This effect everyone can easy demonstrate, e.g. putting a ball onto a sheet of paper and pulling paper phasewise aside. Acceleration of paper demands only few input of power, while ball will roll backwards each time faster and faster.
Acceleration and deceleration
In EV MGR 28 relative acceleration / deceleration of supporting surface and resulting movements, now are shown within previous design with its circle shaped excentric wall.
At A, excentric axis (EA) is positioned left side of system axis (SA), i.e. also excentric wall (EW) is at its left position. Rotor (RO) there however won´t be at lowest possible point of wall, but rotor axis (RA) will show some more to left side, based at running ahead of ring.
At this position (A) lelt side, rotor will come onto accelerated part of supporting surface (marked dark grey). As dicussed above, rotor axis there is moved some towards right, here downward-right. This acceleration is done rather automatically by weight of mass (no input of power is demanded by system), until excenter axis and rotor will come to most lowest position (at B).
As system turning goes on (to C), excentric wall plus rotor are lifed. Supporting surface already runs slower under rotor, i.e. rotor there will run backwards on surface. Corresponding to this direction of movement, here is generally backward moving supporting point most low.
Quite upside (at D) supporting surface moves most slow (see light grey part of track), but at following downward-phase will run faster and faster down under rotor. Lowest possible supporting point however will go on moving backwards. Into that direction, rotor can fall and same time can speed up its rotation around its axis as well. That´s why rotor left side (at A) already again is running ahead of turnings in general, thus is positioned relativly far left and upside as well.
Bilance
Up and down movement of masses won´t bother, that´s only exchange of kinetic energy versus potential energy of levels. So first kind of motion upside has no special effects.
Circle shaped movement of supporting point (second motion above) however does fit to movements process wanted: downside support is turning ahead into turning sense, like rotor there has to swing (pendulum above) to right into that accelerated part of track. Upside, turning point does move backward, corresponding to backward rolling of rotor in decelerated part of track. At previons mentioned chapter ´Wheels at Tracks moved´ these occurances were called ´Slide-, Stumple- and Translations-Effects´ (and some more very basic effects there are discussed).
Decisive thus is un-steady speed of supporting surface within space. Only by that fact, acceleration of rotor rotation results in phase downwards and ahead. Cause wheel is not guided by shaft, rotor can behave like a pendulum, i.e. with few input of energy rotor rotation is achieved (besides wanted movement ahead).
Based on this acceleration of rotor´s turning at downside section of track, rotor ´climbs´ up into most upside position of its track (at D) - practically by its own. So masses of rotor, by most phases of system´s turning, run ahead of general turning, are positioned mostly rather left side (thus producing also static un-balancy in principle). At downward-phase, rotor really weights on rotor arm (RT). Upwards however, rotor must not be lifted by rotor arm, cause rotor is ´rolling up the hill´ by its own turning momentum. So energetic bilance of lift and fall is not equalized.
Decisive momentum thus is un-equal re-action of rotor at changing speeds of supporting surface. Acceleration of surface results movement-ahead and stronger rotation of rotor as well, both done with rather few input of energy. Deceleration of surface results backward-rolling of rotor, which here means running-ahead in turning sense of system.
Once more it must be pointed out, acceleration is done by few input of power. If below a wheel, guided by central shaft, a surface would be accelerated, all parts of rotor masses are to accelerate correspondingly (demanding input of energy correspondingly). Opposite, free rolling wheel will behave like a pendulum, where only mass directly at supporting point is to accelerate correspondingly. Acceleration of masses at left and right side does show into their given direction of inertia, mass quite upside isn´t accelerated at all.
So this kind of acceleration corresponds to an impact at a pendulum - but resulting swinging outwards here doesn´t demand lift of masses same time (so it´s a ´pendulum with track at plane level´). As power thus is demanded only for acceleration of parts of rotor mass, nevertheless all parts are accelerated in sense of its rotation around rotor axis.
This wheel with accelerated self-rotation, at decelerated supporting surface runs fast backward at this surface, here resulting that wanted running-ahead of turning in general (thereby resulting also static overweight onto downward moving part of system in total). Wheel rolls upward hill, based at its increased own turning momentum. By the way, that hill is rather soft, cause height of lift is not related to diameter but is spread alongside circumference of rotor). Above this, that track is no steady sinus-curve, but does show slopes left and right rather sharp, downside a valley wide-spread, upside a soft top (see previous mentioned chapter with discusion of some more effects).
These effects of given forces are essential and decisive factors of acceleration of Rhönrad above - and probably of Bessler-Wheel resp. generally of rotor systems diverse kind, using gravity (and / or inertia) forces.
Bessler
This basic concept probalbly could also be ´Bessler´s secret´, like schematically shown at EV MGR 29 as an example for at least one of his diverse models. Outer wheel (RT) e.g. could show a nine-edged, excentric wall (EW). Within that suporting surface, an eight-edged rotor (RO) could turn. So within one turn of system would occure some eight tilt-processes, like e.g. witnesses told about hearing hits like wooden pieces falling onto wood.
Bessler-Wheel did run and work both direction same kind, so symmetric construction is demanded, e.g. like design of this picture. It´s told, that wheel could easy be started by two fingers, what´s possible, e.g. when Bessler did use starting position like shown at A, so that position with outmost labile status of effective mass at its upmost position.
Wheel then is to turn easy, in both directions. After some 22.5 degrees turning (B), first tilting act ahead will occure and wheel afterwards will soon come up to maximum turning speed.
There´s also told, Bessler finally wanted to constuct a wheel according to water-wheel. Indeed, lift and fall of mass here doesn´t matter. However, rotor by tilting does ´fall ahead´ all times, thus giving kinetic energy to rotor arm (RT), especially onto supporting points of downward phase. Opposite, lifting upwards of mass is done mostly aside of mass-center, so mainly will effect rotation of rotor around its axis (again mainly done be falling downwards of mass parts ahead). By this self-rotation accelerated, rotor climbs up to upmost position, and afterwards falls down like water onto ´vanes´ of rotor arm (RT).
Bessler probably didn´t construct rotor like a wheel, but in shape of ´gear-wheel´ with e.g. only eight teeth, like schematically shown at C. At both sides of outer wheel (RT) only nine supporting points (AP) are to install, by same distance to each other, but excentrically to system axis. Rotor (RO) e.g. could be build by two structures of rods (with eight edges), within which effective masses (MP) are arranged. If effective masses e.g. are installed be springs, outer wheel could run rather round even rotor-structure does unsteady motions.
Emergency Brake
This constructional principle, naturally is to realize diverse kind (and also Bessler did build diverse models). Nevertheless, there is a problem in general: that of acceleration too strong. If wheel exceeds critical turning speed, phases of chaotic movements will come up.
Rotor is running over upmost supporting point by own turning momentum, afterwards is falling left side down. If outer wheel turns too fast, rotor will hit left side down rather high above lowest possible supporting point. Then it might happen, rotor loses rotational speed (or even will come to turning wrong direction), its mass is guided downwards like mass fixed at a pendulum, towards right side down. As rotor then turns same speed like surface, downside no further acceleration of its own rotation will result.
Bessler therefore did use a pendulum mechanism outside of large wheel. At each reversal point of pendulum, turning of outer wheel is delayed. This delay would make sense, where excentric wall is quite right side (then rolling back of rotor is started abruptly). On the other hand, delay makes sense where excentric wall is quite left side (then rotor there is delayed to turning speed of outer wheel, thus afterwards it´s possible to re-accelerate its rotational speed).
Bessler did say and write, this outer pendulum mechanism can be uncoubled at running status. However, system has to be braked by doing workload, e.g. by stamp-units aside. Or system is weighted by any sensefull workload, e.g. pulling stones upwards. Obvisiously these measurements kept turning speed (some more than one second each full turn) below critical turning speed, thus surplus of self-accelerating power was usable outside of wheel.
Incredible as it might seem: Bessler did construct a ´water-wheel´ where it´s not essential and important to lift up waters after waters did fall down. Decisive however is, by differing speeds of supporting surfaces, rotation of effective masses around their own axis is accelerated. This will mean, masses here don´t fall down, but all times do ´fall-ahead´ in turning sense of system.
Motor running round
At the beginning of this chapter, movement of wheels within round tracks was discussed. Bessler probably did work with ´rough gear wheel and rim´, large wheel did run round only by elastic bearing of effective masses.
At any case, forces must have effect between rotor and excentric wall. For power transfer between both parts friction probably will do (e.g. by rubber surfaces), otherwise gear wheel and gear rim are to use. In principle however, rotor is to build with circle round surface, so that system will run round and soft.
By this animation, one can see process of round movements, however asymmetrical. Rotor preferably is positioned left side, so at side of downward phase. However, not this statis unbalancy is decisive, but effect of kinetic forces.
In EV MGR 31 now design of Rhönrad-Motor is shown schematically and as an example, left side by cross-sectional view, right side by longitudinal cross-sectional view through system axis (SA).
Principle of construction is rather simple: within rotor arm (RT) is arranged excentric wall (EW), within which rotor (RO) can turn free. Naturally more steady turning momentum is achieved, if motor is build up by several moduls (here are drawn two), naturally shifted correspondingly.
This modul is to bear turnably around system axis within a housing (here not drawn). At any case, turning speed must be limited by workload. Naturally it´s neccessary to optimize relations of effective masse, radius and turning speed.
Good solutions all times are simple and beautiful. So this design well could be final solution for usage of gravity and inertia. However, there is another, rather large and interesting ´water-wheel´- tide running around earth. Also this system is simple and beautiful to rebuild in smaller scale, as Moon-Motor resp. Tide-Energy-Station.
Evert / 22.09.2002
| Appendix Perpetuum Mobile | Perpetuum Mobile | Index / Sitemap |