At chapter Bessler-Pendulum above was worked out, pendulum mechanism outside of wheel by itself will have effect to small handle at the end of main shaft. Thus will be achieved, this handle will swing ahead and back maximum 90 degrees. By ´elastic´ system of connecting-rod and pendulum-rod, movements of pendulum will not synchonly transferred into swinging movements of handle. Thus acceleration and deceleration of handle must not be symmetric.
Pendulum wheel
Now here will be assumed, this external pendulum mechanism inklusive resp. via small handle will move an internal pendulum wheel ahead and back maximum 90 degrees. So a concept can be realized with control by central pendulum wheel, swinging ahead and back, as described at earlier chapter
Pendulum-Control.
Simplistically, here will be assumed at first, this swinging will be symmetric. Each time-unit turning by 8, 16, 21, 21, 16 and once more 8 degrees will be assumed, 90 degrees in sum while one pendulum movement from dead-point to dead-point. Such a swinging ahead and corresponding swinging back will be done while system will do one turn.
At picture EVBER 02 this pendulum wheel (PR) is shown, beared turnable around system axis (SA). Radius marked within pendulum wheel will show degrees above, which will be done each time unit. Rotor axis (RA) will turn around system axis, like in other concepts guides by resp. installed at a rotor arm (which here is not shown). As the rotor gear wheel will roll on the pendulum gear wheel, rotor (RO) will turn around its rotor axis. Both turnings here are assumed counter clockwise. If now pendulum wheel will swing clockwise, rotor will rotate faster, here called fore-running (VL, German Vorlauf). Opposite, when pendulum wheel will swing counter clockwise, rotors turning will be slowed down, here called back-running (RL, German Rücklauf).
A masse point (MP, here always assumed to be installed middle of rotor-radius) will move between an inner- and out-most track position, here marked by dotted circles. Track of masse point will depend on which position of masse point, fore-running resp. back-running will start resp. end. Following, several possibilities will be checked.
Track-curves
At this picture as starting point will be chosen that situation, the rotor will be upside and its effective masse within downside. This position won´t show fore-running nore back-running. Masse shall be moved from here towards left, thus upside. At such an outward-sling-phase, acceleration will be advantageous. Thus here fore-running will be assumed to start at 12-o´clock-position.
Fore-running will take half a systems turning, thus until 6-o´clock-position. By this 1:1-transmission here, normally the mass should show downwards again. Here however, fore-running of 90 degrees will add, thus masse here will show already to right side. Afterward, back-running will reduce rotors turning correspondingly, until upside starting situation will be reached again.
This track seams rather round. Masse will be slinged out upside left, essentially accelerated. Downside masse is guided inside and will move upwards by reduced speed until starting position. However, effects of rotor onto pendulum wheel (and by this back to pendulum mechanism) are not advantageous.
From 8- to 6-o´clock-position e.g., masse will stay outside, thus will move pendulum wheel counter clockwise. Fore-running (pendulum-turning clockwise) however will end only there quit downside. So these rather high centrifugal forces of this phase, by this constellation would work counter pendulums (and pendulum-wheels) movement.
Thus strict consequence must be, fore-running has to end, as soon as effective masse has reached its outmost track position. Only then, centrifugal forces may have positive effect towards pendulum wheels movements.
Backrunning from outmost track-point
At picture EVBER 03 thereto as starting position is chosen that situation, position of rotor quit left, same time effective masse will be quit outside. There fore-running will end and back-running will start, i.e. penudulum will be at dead-point up-outside.
From this 9- until 6-o´clock-position masse will stay outside, thus actually would like to turn clockwise (around its rotor axis). This pressure will be transferred to pendulum wheel as a turning momentum counter clockwise, i.e pendulum from its dead-point will be accelerated to position middle-downside. So within this phase, energy will be feed into pendulum swinging.
Same time, speed of masse will be reduced within this phase, as one can see by reduced distances between positions of masse points here marked. Kinetic energy of effective masse, thus will be transferred into turning momentum of rotor arm, by pulling forces at rotor bearing.
Afterward, pendulum swing will be thus fast, effective masse will be guided into upward movement by relative constant speed. Also here, masse will stay most outside, thus will also effect pressure in turning sence of pendulum, even into upward-swing-phase of pendulum. Thus pendulum weights will show higher speed, as a free swinging pendulum does show.
Fore-running at upside track-section
At 3-o´clock-position, back-running will end, effective masse here will show vertical upright on its rotor axis. However, masse will show inertia enough to be lifted ´automatically´ up to 1-o´clock-position. Above this, masse will ´fall´ downward, relative to its rotor axis, until nearby 12-o´clock-position. This will say, pendulum at the beginning of fore-running-phase practically has no workload. Thus energy, feed into pendulum by previous back-running, nearby 1-o´clock-position will be still available, nearby full amount of.
Starting from there, effective masse will be accelerated and slinged outside, by that remaining pendulums energy. Already before 11-o´clock-position, masse is outside its rotor axis (circled track), moving by increasing speed. This surplus of kinetic energy will cost but few power, i.e. even fore-running will slow down, at 9-o´clock-position masse will achieve maximum speed and correspondingly most high kinetic energy.
Null-Line diagonal
An alternative to horicontal line between fore- and back-running-phase is shown at EVBER 03 downside. This drawing does show concept discussed above, but shifted by 30 degrees. Most outside position of masse, thus will be finally at 8-o´clock-position.
An advantage now will be, at begin of fore-running-phase the masse relative to its rotor axis will fall downwards, thus even less energy will demand there. Following sling-out of masse will now occure in horicontal and downward directed track sections. So gravity can have accelerating effect towards masse a longer distance. Falling by maximum speed will exist longer time in mostly vertical direction.
This diagonal positioning of dead-points-line, thus might well bring better results. An angle of but some 15 degrees would probably be sufficient.
Less swinging
Disadvantegous at this track, that ´hole´ upside seams. This will produce tensions within materials, masse movements and also pendulum swinging will be dis-harmonic. An even rounder track could be achieved, when effective masse is positioned further inside at the rotor. However, correspondingly lever arms will be shorter and thus turning momentum of system will decrease.
An other solution will be, pendulum will swing less distances, as shown at EVBER 04 as an example. Border-line here simply is drawn horicontal, concept at a whole does correspond to concept descirbed above. Upside at this picture, motions of pendulum wheel is reduced to 60 degreees, downside to but 36 degrees. Then the track will be fine and round.
Bessler-pendulum will allow some differences between pendulum movement and pendulum-wheel motions. Above this, system automatically will find to a most round running, turning and swinging, just cause a pendulum mechanism does show stabilizing function. That´s why I do suggest, position show at original pictures will be maximum dead-point-situations, but running system would work by much less pendulums swinging.
Rotor single or double
Pendulum wheel will show two phases of acceleration and deceleration, each at begin and end of fore- and back-running-phase. At a normal pendulum, acceleration / deceleration will be symmetric, thus by synchonous transferre of pendulum movement to pendulum wheel, also that swinging would be symmetric. Nevertheless, at a pendulum wheel but one rotor can be installed.
At pictures above, left and right of pendulum wheel each a rotor is drawn. This but can be one rotor, shown at diverse positions. Rotor left side, next will demand back-running, rotor right side however will demand next a fore-running-phase. Central pendulum wheel can´t do these both motions same time. That´s why each pendulum wheel can but serve one rotor wheel.
In order to achieve round running system, at least two rotors should be used, with correspondingly shifted effective masses. This will demand two pendulum wheels with counter-sence motions at each pendulum mechanism. That´s why original pictures of Bessler-wheel above do show pendulum devices at both sides of main shaft and these by mirrored positions. Thus probably at Bessler-wheel, two rotors were installed at different axial planes, side by side on system axis.
Bessler-construction
At EVBER 05, this design of Bessler-wheel is shown schematically. Upside a side-view is shown, where at foreground pendulum mechanism of front side is shown. Behind, the inner construction of Bessler-wheel (BR) is shown, where the rotor left side belongs to front-side pendulum mechanism. Rotor right side however will be at background and its pendulum mechanism here is not shown.
Downside at this picture a cross sectional view is shown resp. partly a view top-down, in order to show schematically position and function of these diverse parts. By this view onto the lenght of main shaft, diverse axial planes are to see. At this view top-down, upside the background will be shown (most upside thus pendulum mechanism of background, not shown at side-view upside), while totally downside pendulum mechanism of foreground is shown (thus corresponding to side-view above).
First axial plane, pendulum by itself will take. It´s made up of vertical pendulum arm (VP) with its effective pendulum weight resp. vertical masse (VM). Same plane, vertical pendulum arm could be joint by combining-beam (VS) with horicontal pendulum arm (HP). This will show at its ends horicontal pendulum weights resp. masses (HM). At view top-down but this horicontal pendulum arm (HP) is shown, however also position of vertical pendulum masse (VM) is marked.
At second axial plane, the short pendulum-rod (PH) will be, which is joint to vertical pendulum arm by a bearing (HG) and by an other bearing (PG) with long conneting-rod (PS). Both bearing at view top-down are but marked by thick red lines.
This conneting-rod (PS) will take third axial plane. At its downside end it is joint by a bearing (KG) with short handle. At this pendulum mechanism of background, this small crank will show horicontally to right, thus to see like a crank-shaft at the view top-down. Opposite, at pendulum mechanism of front-side, this crank will show towards upside, thus by view top-down not to see.
Both cranks are combined by a shaft with each pendulum wheel (PR). These pendulum-wheel-shafts do run within main shaft, thus the main shaft must be build as a hollow shaft. Main shaft is fix combined with Bessler-wheel by itself. Both sides of Bessler-wheel the main shaft and/or pendulum-wheel-shafts must be beared turnable within a fix housing. These bearings here are not shown.
Both pendulum wheels must move counter-sence, i.e. must move independant of each other. Thus pendulum-wheel-shaft may not be one part but must be two parts. Here for example, each pendulum wheel at a middle wall of Bessler-wheel is beared once more (naturally other kind of bearings could also be used).
Also main shaft may not go though whole maschine. Both parts of main shaft will but be installed at side-walls of Bessler-wheel. Outer cylinder of Bessler-wheel practically will be middle section of main shaft.
Essential function of Bessler-wheel by itself is but turnable bearing (RL) of rotors, each rotor at one axial plane (which here is separated by middle wall of Bessler-wheel). So this big cylindric wheel won´t be neccessary, two or three crossing rods would do same function (but Bessler didn´t want anyone to see inside construction, side walls thereto were covered by sacking). Heavy weight of this wheel however will make sence as flywheel masses.
Weights and turning momentum
Positions shown here, well could be resting situation of this Bessler-wheel. All weights are combined with each other by Bessler-wheel, pendulum wheels and pendulum mechanism. Both vertical pendulum masses (VM) are positioned at outer deap-points (at original pictures some 9 mm lever arm). Masse of right rotor stands right upside its rotor axis, masse of left rotor does show to left and will weight on longer lever arm (comparably 4 mm). Difference of rotor masses turning momentums will correspond to turning momentum of both pendulum weights. Effective rotor masse thus will be some four- to fife-fold of a vertical pendulum weight.
As at running system, lever arms of all pendulum weights will add to null, this rotor masse multiplied by effective lever arm could correspond to maximum turning momentum of system. One effective rotor masse, in average will weight on half rotor radius. At a maschine of 360 cm diameter, this masses could weight at lever arms of some 20 to 25 cm length. Assumed this, Bessler-wheel well could have lifted 35 kg by a rope, rolled around a main shaft of some 15 cm diameter.
Bessler-wheel was told to run turning sence clockwise and counter-clockwise same kind. Rotor positions at pictures above however, will but have effect when turning counter-clockwise. If this concept should have to run counter sence too, rotor positions would have to be changed. Thereto small crank handles must be at dead-point position, same time rotor axis in horicontal line. Corresponding to picture above, also pendulums would be in dead-point positions. If now, by fixed Bessler-wheel, pendulums are changed to other dead-point, small handle will turn, thus also pendulum wheels and rotors, so now masses would show in mirrored directions. Afterward, this Bessler-wheel could be started other direction, here clockwise.
Bessler-principles
After these last suggestions and (confusing) description of parts with complex interdependance, it´s hard to understand basic effects of this maschine. By this (complicated) technology however, Bessler did realize basic principles, with importance fare above simple mechanics. Two essential effects here are based once by that technic here called ´fore-running´ and secondly by the process here called ´back-running´.
At phase of back-running, centrifugal forces do work against turning sence of system, thus counter turning momentum wanted. By turning synchonously of pendulum wheel within that back-running phase, these forces partly are stored into pendulums swing-out. This temporary stored energy, later will be brought into system, conform to its turning sence. Pendulum mechanism used here, not at all will be only possible technic, and fare from best solution. At later chapters, this function will be done by few constructional elements of common technology. Above this, that principle of avoiding, transferring or redirecting of forces not wanted, may be used at several subjects.
Fundamental importance will have technic used here by fore-running: acceleration within a motion. At many chapteres here, I did describe this effect, mostly called it ´sling-effect´. Basic understanding and importance in general however, I got by conciderations to Bessler-wheel. So, without fundamental knowledges, I will try to describe some chapters later terms disputed like Ether and Inertia and some more, by common words and some simple pictures. These effecting principles may be applied at diverse ´field´ of physics.
Bessler-reproduction
This complex concept by sure will not be simples realisation of principles talked about. It might also well be possible, inner mechanism of Bessler-whell was constructed quit other kind. Next chapter, for example, I did try to design a technology using no wheels but exclusivly rods, called Bessler-Rod-Wheel.
Nevertheless it would be fine, if anyone would be convinced by this concept shown here, if this ´historic´ maschine would be reproduced. I would be glad to hear about and would like to report about here.
Evert / 09.12.2000