At chapter Inertia and Gravity at Wheels was mentioned, rotor should show ´any kind of state of suspense´. There, at picture EVGIG 03 as an alternative was mentioned, the rotor mustn´t be in connection with an outer gear-rim, but could be combined with a central gear wheel.
At chapter Studies to Gravity-Motors the rotor was installed at pendulums of diverse kind. At picture EVGIG 11 a pendulum with counter weight was used, in EVGIG 12 a pendulum with two opposite rotors, inclusive a central gear wheel. These versions did work with excentrical masses.
Based on these aspects, here further conciderations shall be done. Especially the function of that pendulum shall be worked out.
So, as a starting point, a rotor system will be assumed with a central fix gear wheel (FZ, German Feststehendes Zahnrad), around which a rotor gear wheel (RO) will roll. Both gear wheels do show same radius. Rotor and its axis (RA) will turn with constant speed in same direction. A masse point (MP) most outside at the rotor, in EVGIG 51 is shown in positions each 30 degrees. Each position of radius towards the masse point is marked. This masse point will move at well known apple-shaped track. Turning sence, here in general is assumed counter clockwise.
Pendulum wheel
As mentioned several times, symmetry of motions procedure resp. forces must be broken. On the other hand, input or output of system should be of constant turning speed. At versions above, this constance was assumed to exist by constant turning gear-rim (or corresponding output-wheels). Here now, the rotor will roll around a central gear wheel, so rotor axis must be installed at a rotor arm. If this rotor arm is fix installed at a shaft on system axis, at this shaft a constant input or output will be possible.
Pendulum motions mentioned above - and thus asymmetrie of effective forces - then has to be achieved by central gear wheel. So this gear wheel may not be fix, but must be allowed to move like a pendulum. At picture EVGIG 52 this is marked schematically.
The rotor (RO) is drawn right side, its masse point (MP) does show to left. The rotor is in connection by teeth with a pendulum gear wheel (PR, German Pendelrad), which is turnable resp. swiftable around system axis (SA). At pendulum wheel excentrically a weight (PG, German Pendelgewicht) is installed. It´s assumed, the pendulum wheel will swing once left-right-left, while the rotor will do one turn, i.e. same time while the rotor axis will do one turn around system axis, i.e. each turn of rotor arm resp. system shaft.
Motions precedure
At this picture, ther rotor (RO) is drawn but in its position quit right side. Further turning is marked but by position of rotor axis (RA resp. red points) and each radius towards the masse point. By thin curve, apple-shaped track above is drawn.
Pendulum weight (PG) at starting position will be right-upside. This extreme position here is called ´dead-point´. Afterward the pendulum thus will swing to left, more and more faster until a position middle-downside will be reached. Afterward it will swing left-side-up, slowing down until the other dead-point is reached. At this phase thus the pendulum wheel (PR) will turn clockwise. Each time-unit, turning by 5, 10, 15, 10, 5 and 0 degrees is assumed in this picture.
Naturally this turning of pendulum wheel will have effect to turning speed of rotor. Turning of pendulum wheel will add to normal turning of rotor (each 30 degrees a time-unit) shown here. So here, each radius of rotor position is drawn a second time. From 3- to 9-o´click-position this fore-running will accumulate to 5, 15, 30, 40 and 45 degrees.
Corresponding curve of this new motions track here is marked by thick green curve. Compared with normal apple-shaped track, this track is shifted to right-side-up. By pendulum motions thus masse at first will be slinged towards right-side-up (until 12-o´clock-position), afterwards nearby horicontal moved to left (until 11-o´clock-position). At downward-phase (from 11- to 9-o´clock-position) masse will show higher speed than at normal apple-shaped track, will thus show higher kinetic energy.
At following phase the pendulum wheel will swing back again, thus fore-running above will be reduced until starting position (3-o´clock) will be reached again. Within this phase, kinetic energy (achieved outside-left) will be reduced. This reduction of masse speed, on the one hand will be transferred into turning momentum of rotor arm, where masse (showing ahead of rotor axis) will pull at rotor bearing and thus will pull rotor arm ahead. On the other hand, also the pendulum wheel will be pulled by centrifugal forces, thus centrifugal forces will be tranferred into potential energy of pendulum weight.
Better track
At 3-o´clock-position, pendulum weigth and effective masse as well, are at a dead-point situation. This abruptly pulling and total stop of effective masse, no ideal movements process will be. An even more continous track would be better. This can be achieved, when masse is not concentrated quit outside at the border of rotor, but further inside. At picture EVGIG 53 masse point is installed e.g. at the middle of rotor radius and an essentially rounder track does result.
Masse here will move over deap-point above nearby with constant speed (from 4- to 2-o´clock-position), nearby vertically upwards. Then, masse will be accelerated by increasing pendulum wheels turning (to 12-o´click-position), practically horicontal moved left-upside (to 11-o´clock-position) and accelerated into downward-phase (to 9-o´clock-position).
At phase of pendulum counter swinging, it´s obvious to see, masse will come ahead of rotor axis and thus will effect turning momentum at the rotor arm, and even more important, swinging back will be intensified by centrifugal forces.
Phases of movements
In order to show situations of diverse phases even better, at EVGIG 55 position of pendulum wheel and rotor after each 30 degrees are separated and arranged in a cirle.
Each position of rotor at begin and end of a phase is marked, in addition track of masse point there (green curved segment), and position of masse point (green points) at the end of each phase. Corresponding to this, position of pendulum weigt is shown.
This littel animation her will show these situations im motion. Here one can see especially, how masse right side is moved upward nearby with constant speed. Afterward one may see, how masse upside in horicontal direction will be accelerated, once more into downward phase and show high speed left side.
Practically parallel to movement of masse, downside the pendulum weight will swing towards right side. After track point most downside, pendulum movement will decelerate however, thus the rotor masse will be slinged upside around its rotor axis.
Pendulum weight and -length
At this animation, first time pendulum weight is marked outside of pendulum wheel. In order to achieve movement process discussed above, it will be neccessary to harmonize pendulum swinging with turning speed. Corresponding to this, length of pendulum and its weight as well must be calculated or by experiments an optimum must be found.
Above this it´s an open question, whether this pendulum should swing that kind symmetrically. For example, potential energy of pendulum weight at right dead-point will be transferred into potential energy of effective masse: while pendulum weight falls down, effective masse will be lifted up. Afterward, it´s in question the pendulum will further swing to left side same distance.
On the other hand, masse at downward-phase (nearby 10- to 6-o´clock-position) wants to stay most outside. In general, centrifugal forces will impact at rotor bearing and thus at rotor arm. As the pendulum will show slow motions nearby left dead-positions, the masse will come into a position ahead of rotor axis.
Thus the masse can but take a most outward track, when masse will pull the pendulum practically synchon behind itself. Later, if the pendulum weight will be effectiv at larger lever arm, nearby right side dead-point, pendulum swinging will be reduced and stopped, thus masse of rotor will lastly be slinged inward-upward.
So it might well be, pendulum swinging will be shifted to right, shown at EVGIG 57 as an example. Comparably, the outmost track of masse is marked by dotted cirle. Pendulum swinging here is shifted some 15 degrees, compared with picture above.
This track, still will show that section nearby vertical at upward-phase. Masse here won´t be accelerated so strong towards outside-up, but acceleration will be stronger at hocicontal phase and especially into downward-phase. At important downward-phase (nearby 11- to 8-o´clock-position) the masse may move nearby its outmost track, thus may fall relativly free long distance.
Opposite to track above, here masse downside my run at even deeper track. In this phase, masse will move pendulum weight high upside. Finally masse will quickly swing inside and move vertical upwards again.
Constructional principle
In EVGIG 54 schematically, one possible constructional design of this maschine is shown, upside by side-view, dowside by longitudinal section view. Within the housing (GE), turnable around system axis (SA) a shaft is beared. At this shaft, fix installed a rotor arm (RT) will be, here drawn e.g. disc-shaped.
At the rotor arm, a bearing (RL) is installed, around which the rotor gear wheel (RO) can turn. On the rotor, effective masse (M) is arranged excentrically. There might be one or several rotors, here e.g. four rotors are installed. However these rotor should work one after the other, thus its effective masses should be shifted correspondingly.
Free to turn resp. swing around system axis resp. shaft, the pendulum wheel (PR) is installed, on which excentrically the pendulum weight (PG) is arranged. If several rotor gear wheels are used, each must have its own pendulum wheel, masses and weights correspondingly shifted. If (as mentioned above) pendulum weight should be arranged outside pendulum-wheel-radius, the pendulum weights must be arranged at both sides of each pendulum wheel (thus other kind than shown here at the picture).
At common technology, pendulums are seldom uses and even more rarely in connection with gear wheel. This picture however does show, pendulums can be installed well and will make sence, serving special function.
It must be pointed out, when starting this system, motions of pendulum described above will start too automatically. As soon the rotor arm is turned, rotor gear wheel will roll alongside central (at first still standing) pendulum gear wheel. As soon effective masse can fall downwards, pendulum wheel will be pulled with, thus pendulum swinging will be initialized. It´s but essential, pendulum wheel (and -weigt) and rotor (and effective masse) are mounted at correct starting positions towards each other.
Besides this version shown here, naturally there are lots of maschines possible, corresponding to this design principles. Above this, there is an other alternative for control by pendulum motions, in shape of pendelum wheel, turning round and round, however with diverse speed.
Around turning pendulum wheel
This important solution schematically is shown at picture EVGIG 58. Again, around system axis a pendulum wheel (PR) is beared turnable. Opposite to designs above, this wheel won´t but swing ahead and back, but will turn once around system axis while one systems turning (thus while one turn of rotor arm).
Radius marked within pendulum wheel schematically will show, which circle-segments each time-unit will be done. Here at this picture some 15, 30, 45, 45, 30 and 15 degrees again. While one turning, at a whole 360 degrees will be done. As described above, a fore-running of rotor will result followed by corresponding back-running.
Rotor (RO) here does show double radius of pendulum wheel. Rolling once around a central but small gear wheel, the larger rotor gear wheel would turn around its own axis but half turn. As here the small pendulum wheel same time will turn counter-direction, also rotor will turn 360 degrees around its axis (SA) while one turn of system around system axis (SA).
Track of effective masse (M) again is marked by green curve. Even center of masse positions as a whole will be left from system axis, this track doesn´t look to fit demands above. Downside, this track is much too flat, centrifugal forces there won´t work positive sence. Nevertheless, this example will demonstrate what´s important: in which phase of motions, movements of pendulum wheel will effect which acceleration resp. decelertion of rotors turning and where masse will move at its outmost track point.
Dead-points diagonal
Above, dead-points of pendulum were given, when rotor masse is quit right resp. left side, at its most outside resp. most inside positions. In EVGIG 61 again motion of a pendulum wheel is shown, as could be achieved by pendulum mechanism (here some 5, 25 and 60 degrees each time-unit assumed, marked by several radius).
Effective masse also here will be at its most inner track position right side, at its most outside trackpoint left side. However here, this ´dead-point-line´ does show an angle versus horicontal direction, thus the strongest acceleration of rotor turning will be nearby 10-o´clock-position. Thereby, this most interesting track of effective masse will result.
Acceleration will occure into falling-downward of masse, until nearby 9-o´clock-position. Masse there will be easy to accelerate (details to this important fact will be shown at later chapters), i.e. aceleration will be done by input of relative low energy. Afterwards, pendelum wheel will slow down turning, thus rotor masse will come in position ahead of its rotor axis, same time will stay rather outside nearby its outmost track. Speed of masse there will be reduced (until nearby 6-o´clock-position), thus energy will be transferred into turning momentum of rotor arm.
There, pendulum wheel will again turn faster counter general turning sence, rotor again will turn faster, its masse thus will be slinged inside. Nearby 4-o´clock-position, masse will come into a relative vertical upwards showing track. Speed of masse at whole upward-phase (until 12-o´clock-position) will nearby be constant.
Turning of pendelum wheel, at this phase is relativly slow, thus masse may stay for long time nearby its most inner track, on the one hand ´hanging´ at the rotors bearing, on the other hand weighting at pendulum wheel. By nearby constant speed, masse ´automatically´ will be brought to next position by inertia.
Starting at 12-o´clock-position, rotor turning will accelerate, while masse but horiconatally will be moved to left-outside. About 11-o´clock-position, mass again will be accelerated into its downward falling phase.
This example may show, by skillfull organisation of acceleration / deceleration a curved track can be achieved, on which forces at a whole won´t be null, not at all. Correspondingly curved tracks, natually can be achieved by equal radius of pendulum and rotor wheel, thus but by swinging ahead and back of pendulum wheel. Pendulum mechanism is ´expensive´, so at later chapters a totally simple design will be presented, which will serve same function by common technology.
Un-even circle will close
In January 1999 here at this website, I published Projekts of Swing-Systems (available but in German), worth to be worked out. Until now, nobody did take up these suggestions, unfortunately also Felix Würth didn´t, even most of these projects were based at my workouts to his experiments.
As an example, there was a drawing well described, Excentric masses (also but in German), which practically completly will match demands above for optimal masse-tracks: a reverse-gear is used (for counter-sence turning of ´pendulum-wheel´), instead of pendulum-mechanism there a V-belt-gear is used (with un-even wheels) in order to accelerate / decelerate rotors with excentric masses. At other pictures, corresponding tracks are shown and discusses. Details to these inventions at my workouts to Würth-Swing-Systems are available by Download-Swing-Systems (sorry, also but in German).
This controlling by central wheel, Würth finally did use and present in 2000. In May, first time I could present at the web a confirmation of my claims (especially to Excenter-Nopp-Gear), in September I could demonstrate this maschine at Congress in Zürich. With great interest, this demo and my explications were accepted, by chapter Flop and Success I did report here.
Before this time, we always tried to design maschines, which should work totally ´automatic´, thus without any input or control from outside. By this maschine we learned it would make sence, to bring in energy for controlling. Soon one could see, this control-efforts would add to null at a whole - like pendulums above won´t take energy, won´t do ´workload´, nevertheless will fulfill valuable control-functions.
However, technical realization of this control is difficult. Above mentioned principle of pendulum-control comparably easy will be. Other sulutions of control-function will be shown at later chapters, by rather simple technology. Meanwhile diverse experiments were done, combining gravity-aspects (based on these investigations to Bessler-Wheel) and centrifugal-aspects (of rotor systems with vertical axis). Workouts are completed to this subject, but at the moment can not be published.
Some of pictures above may be looked at to show vertical or horicontal axis. Successful concepts may use gravity and inertia same kind, above that, these principles will make sence at other physical flieds (discussed at further chapters).
However, essential starting point of pendulum control discussed here, I got by analysing old pictures of Bessler-Wheel in detail. Results of this ´detective-story´ next chapter Bessler - Pendulum will show.
Evert / 01.12.2000