2. Flux in engines

On the strength of the model of potential molecular movements, it will be proven that no heat application nor special 'vortex-power' is required for a potential-vortex. Instead, the energy needed for its generation may be extremely small and random, as can be observed from any windsock. All that is required to trigger it is that (random) area of local over or under pressure exists and that the resultant movement is able to move in the axial direction of the vortex. The escalation of the scale of the vortex, like the escalation of the intensity of the current occurs 'automatically', conditioned by the frequency, intensity and direction of potential collisions of the molecules of the fluids in such vortices. What is essential in this regard is that, due to the flight from the centre, a suction exists, while the presence of pipe walls or fluid surrounding causes pressure. The objective of this invention is to organise triggering moments for the formation of potential-twist-flows and to harness as far as possible the energy of these directed movements. It is also important to use suction or pressure in a wise manner with regard to the purpose achieved.

Analogous to the harmonious motion sequences, a completely new concept of the mechanics of stroke movements in piston engines. The linear motion of conventional pistons with abrupt accelerations completely contradicts this objective. A stroke movement must rather result from a combination of twisting movements and thus can pistons move in harmonious paths through space.

In engines, energy is converted between solid bodies and fluid. Suction and pressure are available as power-effect. From this there result eight constellations of different characteristics with varying suitability with regard to the objective.

Body > Pressure > Body	This is the theme of classical mechanics, whose laws and formulae were simply carried over the study of which resulted in errors
Body > Suction > Body	This effect is only possible through the use of small amounts of fluid. It is irrelevant in flux machines
Fluid > Pressure > Fluid	Normally a momentary equalisation of pressure occurs, associated with immediate and turbulent flux. A directed movement and acceleration can only be achieved when fluid is introduced tangentially to a vortex e.g. like the mixing action above.
Fluid > Suction > Fluid	This is the most effective way to move fluids or fluid particles. Because of their general molecular movements, fluid molecules move (with a speed corresponding to their temperature) large distance without collision in the direction of low pressure.
Body > Pressure > Fluid	The generation of pressure in a fluid by moving solid bodies is optimally realised in a piston engine. The crank mechanism however is unsatisfactory. In flux machines it is also attempted often to generate pressure. Priority should however be given to achieving directed motion and speed. The force and direction of the pressure of solid bodies must be employed in accordance with the specific type of motion of the fluid. Otherwise the familiar energy loss occurs to a significant extent
Body > Suction > Fluid	When the solid body generates an area of low pressure too quickly, the danger of cavitation occurs. It is advantageous that the fluid in low pressure flows with molecular speed. However, turbulent flows must not be allowed to occur here, i.e. only continuous flows from the suction of solid bodies make sense.
Fluid > Pressure > Body	Only when fluid can exert its kinetic energy in a thin jet on as large as possible a pressure side of a solid body, can optimal conversion of energy in flux machines be achieved. Otherwise piston stroke machines are more advantageous. However different gearbox to the conventional design is necessary in this case. Of particular advantage is a 'rotation-stroke-piston machine'.
Fluid > Suction > Body	A solid body cannot 'flow' into an area of low pressure. There is no suction effect on solid bodies. An example is the aircraft wing, which produces lift not through suction, but simply through a higher pressure on the underside than on the top surface of the wing. In flux machines, care must be taken to bring the energy of the fluid to bear on the pressure side of solid bodies, and thereby as far as possible to avoid suction.

It is therefore important which form of conversion is used for the correct purpose. Generally speaking, it must be a priority in the design of flux machines, to achieve (and convert) directed motion with the greatest possible speed. The kinetic energy instead of the (static) pressure is important. This can only be attained by favouring a rotary motion instead of a linear one e.g. in an axial direction.

These points should also be noted in regard to stroke piston machines. Here also, the flux is usually not given enough attention, while the generation and harnessing of pressure always gets the limelight. Additionally, the design of the crank mechanism here must guarantee the harmonious motion of all mechanical parts. Analogous to the flux, the 'turbulent' movements of the crank mechanism must be replaced by continuous rotary motions.

The following design elements correspond to the above objectives.

2.2 Design elements

A pre-twist-generator is in principal designed in an analogous fashion to the tank-outflow design element above. In as large as possible a funnel shaped inflow area, lamellar shaped fins of a rotor generate a main-current in both radial and axial directions. In the inflow area a potential-twist-flow is formed, which is also available in the form of a subsidiary flow. Together, both form an optimal potential-twist-flow. All movements and constructive elements correspond to the requirements outlined above.

A pipe-pump is basically a similar construction, with the exception that no subsidiary current is formed. This allows a smaller pump to be built. The following described design elements can be added with pump divices of both these types.

In a centrifugal-pump the fluid must be sucked into a relatively large inlet area in an axial direction. The blades of a rotor accelerate the fluid continuously in both axial and radial directions. The chambers between the blades at the back end form large circle ring segments and smaller ones in front. The fluid at the front is almost all transposed into a rotary motion. It is then tangentially diverted into a ´worm-housing´, in which a potential-twist-flow of extraordinary force is formed. The fluid has the maximum rotational speed of the rotor plus the twist speed. The fluid is progressively accelerated from the back to the front, always in the same rotational direction. The mechanical energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the fluid in an optimal way. Whereas conventional centrifugal pumps produce turbulent flows, one finds an absolutely directed stream at the this pump's outflow.

In a worm-housing of the above design, as a result of the high radial and axial speeds, there is an extraordinarily high dynamic pressure. Because of this, a worm-housing can serve as a pressure-locking-device. The housing boasts to this end a long stretch without any apertures. After this, the fluid can flow (again tangentially) through apertures into e.g. a second tank. Even if there is a high static pressure in this second tank, no backwards effect arises. This concept thus fulfils the function of a back-pressure-valve with an almost frictionless throughflow.

The potential-twist-pump is completely new and extremely effective. Its basis is firstly a conventional centrifugal pump. The chambers of the rotor point basically in a radial fashion from the centre outwards, thereby showing a basically constant cross-section. The fluid is thus accelerated, flows from the inside outwards, exits the rotor in a tangential direction and can e.g. be driven tangentially into a worm-housing as described above. Two walls of the chambers are formed through the rotor mentioned above, one by the casing and one by an accelerating-rotor, which turns twice as fast as the rotor. The fluid is decelerated by friction with the casing surface and accelerated correspondingly at the opposite side by the accelerating-rotor. The fluid thereby experiences an extra turning motion about the longitudinal axis of the rotor chamber. The relative circulation speed between casing, rotor and accelerating-rotor increases as the radius does. The acceleration of this twist in the rotor chambers thereby increases from the centre towards the outside. To the turning motion of the fluid in consequence of to turning of the rotor this twisting motion within the rotor chambers is added.

Thus the type of motion of a potential-twist-vortex is mechanically portrayed with an ever increasing rotary motion. In the outside part of the chamber a suction exists, i.e. the fluid is additionally sucked in to the inflow area. The potential-twist-flow is intensified in the chamber because of its inherent order. The fluid exits the chambers with a strong potential-twist-flow. The result is a rotary motion (about the chamber's longitudinal axis) in the rotary motion (in the worm-housing through the tangential inflow) in the rotary motion (in the worm-housing corresponding to the maximum rotational speed of the rotor). This potential-twist-pump can be fitted with a main-current and a subsidiary-current by installing e.g. the pre-twist-generator above. The movements of this potential-twist-pump correspond to those of a tornado.

With a suction-pump a bundle of potential-twist-flows is achieved exclusively by the effect of suction. The rotor has a relatively rough surface and a completely round cross-section, with the diameter increasing from the back to the front. The fluid adheres to the rotor surface and is thereby introduced to an increasing twist-movement. The surface of the casing is shaped such that a steadily decreasing cross-sectional area is available to the fluid as it moves from the back to the front. Grooves with a spiral course are attached to the surface of the casing. The grooves have a sharp edge and an otherwise rounded cross-section, so that a potential-twist-flow is formed within the groove. A pump of this kind doesn't generate a high pressure, but effects rather a very gentle ordering of the fluid. This suction pump functions simply through the friction of the fluid with the rotor and has therefore an extremely low energy consumption.

A similar principle to that of the suction-pump above is employed in the vortex-tank. Here however the current is driven from the front back into the inlet area. As an alternative, the vortex tank can be built using the principle of the potential-twist-pump above. In both cases an ideal form of vortex is mechanically formed. In both cases, a minimal energy expenditure effects a gentle but intense eddying of the fluid in this circulation system. This is advantageous in e.g. the production of colloid mixtures, 'levitated water', 'energised water' and these design principles are effective in further objectives.

Another ideal form of vortex is the ring-vortex (as smokers may be able to produce). With a ring-vortex-tank similar objectives can be attained, this time using the combined effects of gravity and centrifugal force. On the rotor, tanks are installed, turnable in the same direction as the rotor, whereby the axes on which they turn is at an angle to the axis of rotation of the rotor. The tanks are basically V-Shaped cross sections, with one part of the tank vertical, the other pointing in a near horizontal direction. S-shaped fins are installed on the containers. As the rotor turns and synchronised with this the tank rotate, all fluid particles are driven more or less on the path of a ring vortex. Correspondingly harmonious is the sequence of motions, correspondingly intense is the 'vortexisation' and correspondingly low is the energy expenditure. There may be many and interesting application of these design principles with different purposes.

The pressure-pump is designed for totally different purposes. The diameter of the rotor increases from the back to the front and its surface is equipped with tooth-shaped vanes. One side of the vane points basically in a radial, the other in a tangential direction. At the back, the vanes have a steep inclination to the axis of rotation, with a shallow inclination at the front. Thus the vanes generate movement at first in an axial direction, then increasingly in a radial and tangential direction. At the front the previously open channels are converted into the closed channels of the rotor with cross section in the form of a ring segment. Pressure is thereby once more exerted in a radial direction, while the maximum rotational speed of the rotor is transmitted to the fluid. The mechanical energy of the rotor is thereby fully transmitted to the fluid, exclusively by pressure. The fluid is exposed to a constantly increasing pressure. This pump is especially suited for the generation of a high pressure, by high revs, particularly in compressible fluids. With other design elements presented here, the pressure can of course also be converted into a corresponding speed.

A combustion-chamber should be represented by a pipe with a potential-twist-flow. Here a pipe-cross-sectional-extension (see above) must be made first, so that there is a ring shaped flux with an intense twist. On reaching the part with the greatest cross section, fuel or heat-energy should be introduced. The pressure increase must only be allowed to occur in the direction of the twist and only from outside towards the centre of the existing potential-twist-flow. This is achieved through fins and particularly through the decreasing surface of an island. The current therefore experiences an enormous acceleration, especially in its spin (twisting motion). It is especially useful when only a subsidiary current is accelerated by the introduction of heat and this subsidiary current is reintroduced to the main-current tangentially according to the mixing procedure explained above.

In a turbine the flux must have the highest possible speed, something that can only occur with a potential-twist-flow. Also within the turbine, the directed flow must be maintained for as long as possible. The energy must only be transferred to the rotor by pressure. All forms of suction are damaging, including that at the strator (i.e. static blades, vanes or fins or fin sets). Conventional turbines usually boast turbulent flows already at the inlet, or this turbulence is generated by fin-sets or at the very latest, the geometry of the vanes effects unproductive flow conditions.

In the intake-of-turbines, diverse speeds and directions of movements meet up with one another; those of the rotor and those of the flux, with its axial component and twist component. The resultant and relative movements are only constant when the operating conditions remain constant, with varying operating conditions they are always different. The arrangement of fins and vanes therefore always poses problems and generally leads to turbulence. Theoretically there is only one direction in which the speeds of all motions point under all conditions: the tangential. The transition of fluid from the casing into the rotor (vice versa) should therefore only occur in a (as near as possible) tangential direction. Additionally, the current must be laminar at that point and the transition type must display optimal flow characteristics.

In a river power station there is only a limited current speed and height of fall available to be harnessed. Therefore it is vital in this situation to organise the sequence of movements optimally i.e. to trigger or reproduce a spacious potential-vortex. The water must be introduced tangentially to the rotor, horizontally and vertically, in a parabolic inwards-rolling path. In addition to the normal pressure of the water column, a higher proportion of the total speed potential of the water can then be used.

For turbines that have an axial inflow from a pipe, with conventional turbulent currents the flow must be turned 90 degrees radially an also 90 degrees tangentially. In a pipe of similar diameter with a potential-twist-flow the throughput is higher and the additional twist components can be driven into a larger diameter without friction.

A spiral shaped inlet pipe with a potential-twist-flow in an almost perpendicular direction to the inflow area of the turbine is particularly valuable. While every conventional pipe bend necessarily produces friction losses and turbulence, through the rolling of a pipe with twisting or a potential-twist-flow all fluid motions are intensely directed and an optimal tangential flow to the rotor under all conditions is achieved. Fluid should be introduced to a rotor in this manner whenever possible.

In an turbo-charger the exhaust gasses should be driven into the turbine in the form of a potential-twist-flow or at least a twisting flow. Inversely the pump of the exhaust turbocharger should be designed analogous to the pressure pump above and the ´combustion air´ be given a potential-twist-flow by a worm-housing. A partial driving back of the exhaust gas and the combustion air is decisive for an optimal flow.

A rotation-valve-pipe is a much simpler and far better solution for the intake/exhaust cycle change in piston stroke engines and replaces the various pipe bends and many complicated component parts of normal valves. This pipe is installed in the cylinder head, parallel to the motors axis. In its casing there are apertures, through which the combustion air flows into the cylinder during the intake cycle and the exhaust gasses flow out during the exhaust cycle, in both cases without any turbulence or friction. The combustion air is moved in the form of a potential-twist-flow and can be supplied by e.g. the pressure pump or the pre-twist-generator above. More fluid than necessary is supplied, the partial backflow intensifying all processes. The exhaust gas is moved with a twist and its kinetic energy can be used e.g. through the pump of the exhaust gas turbocharger above. Also here a partial backflow makes sense e.g. in the combustion air circulation system.

A combined intake- / outlet-rotation-valve-pipe unites the function of driving the fluid to a cylinder with that of removing the exhaust fluid in a single pipe. The pipe is thereby separated into two areas by a spiral dividing wall. One large aperture in the cylinder is all that is then necessary. The functions of the loading pump, the fluid transport, the inlet/outlet control and an exhaust gas turbocharger can all be installed in one axis. An optimal fluid flow is guaranteed from the back to the front. With the least construction difficulty and slightest costs an optimal intake/exhaust cycle change in the cylinders is achieved.

The stroke-piston-gear has no connecting rods, but exclusively constant turning and linear stroke movements. On a rotation axis an eccentric disc is mounted fix, this is stored revolving in a ´connecting disc´ with same eccentricity, this is stored revolving in the piston, this is stored movable in a cylinder rotor, this is stored revolving in the casing. Both discs turn with the same speed but opposite directions, the piston moves in a linear fashion. The mass momenta can be controlled without any problem. This stroke piston gear, when used with the rotation valve pipes above gives piston stroke engines a completely new quality.

Just as revolutionary is the four-stroke-rotation-stroke-piston-motor, in that it combines the advantages of the conventional stroke piston as regards piston sealing with those of rotary machines regarding the change from intake to exhaust without any valve. A cylinder rotor turns at the same speed but in the opposite direction to the crankshaft. The function of the connecting rod is assumed by a round disc, which is stored in the piston and in which the crankshaft is stored. In the smallest of spaces, exclusively continuous turning motions are displayed. The stroke motion of the piston results from the combination of turning motions and runs steadily in a harmonious inwards and outwards eddying path. An engine equivalent to a four litre, eight cylinder engine has for example only eight moving parts and forms a cube of only 20 cm edge length.

The rotation-stroke-piston-gear displays absolutely no stroke motion, but rather a constant turning motion, but generates however the stroke motion of a conventional piston, although only in a two-stroke process. On a rotary axis turns a rotor, with space for a cylinder. In this cylinder the piston moves. In this piston is stored revolving an eccentric disc. This is firmly connected to an eccentric axis. This is stored revolving in the casing, positioned about the same eccentricity with regard to the axis of rotation. The rotor and the eccenter axis turn in same direction, the eccenter axis at twice the speed of the rotor. This transmission unit is extremely compact. Almost half of the rotor surface is also cylinder surface.

Rotation-stroke-piston-machines with the gear above are completely counterbalanced and display all the advantages of conventional stroke pistons. They can however be driven at extremely high revolutions. They can be designed as turbines or just as easily as pumps. The intake/exhaust is optimal. Energy is converted exclusively by pressure. The internal walls of the cylinders also work as vanes with an extraordinarily large lever arm.

A rotation-stroke-piston-motor is similarly based on the above rotation-stroke-piston-gear or -machine. For example, a cylinder capacity of two litres can thus be represented with a rotor of 20 cm diameter and length and a continual current of high pressure and speed through 24 cylinders in the form of a potential-twist-flow can be supplied with extremely high revolutions. In a combustion chamber of the above design, fuel is introduced and continually burnt. The high fluid pressure, like the high speed of the fluid can accordingly be converted through a large number of cylinders into mechanical energy in optimal form. This motor works with an advantageous stroke piston technique, offering the advantages of turning piston machines and displaying the advantages of a continual combustion in a fashion which is otherwise only possible in flux machines. This rotation-stroke-piston-motor is therefore a completely new dimension in engine technology.

Turbines are constructed differently according to the area of application e.g. water turbines differently to gas or steam turbines. ´Free jet´ turbines are the most effective, as a U-turn of almost 180 degrees is achieved and the vanes don't have a suction side. The turning is accomplished exclusively by pressure and almost all force components generated have the desired tangential direction.

With a tangential-turbine, the effective technology of the free jet turbine is further improved and to use in almost all applications. Unlike the free jet turbine, many vanes of comparatively small dimension are used. Instead of fewer jets, one jet of extreme longitudinal cross section is used, which takes up the complete circumference of the rotor. Thereby there is a continuous current of fluid and a constant energy transmission with constant flux conditions throughout the whole machine. The fluid always moves in the same direction in a harmonious path. The vanes are formed with inner surfaces, which point in an acute angle to the tangential direction. At the circumference they are ordered in an overlapping fashion. The inner surfaces are joined by a rounded vane-base. ´Vane-pockets´ are thereby formed, in which the diversion of approximately 180 degrees is achieved. The fluid cannot escape sideways during this diversion.

The vane inlet and outlet can be on the same side of the rotor or alternatively the fluid in the rotor can be diverted from the outside towards the centre or inversely. These vanes can be arranged on the rotor jacket or alternatively in a disc shaped rotor. With this rotor disc, the fluid is steered in a tangential direction onto a side of the rotor, diverted by about 180( in the vane-pockets and exits the rotor in another radial level on the other rotor side. Through contrarily positioned vanes in the housing, the fluid can be diverted once more into its original direction. Thus the whole process can be repeated. The current maintains a basically spiral course.

This extremely effective technique of repeated diversions of 180( can therefore be used for gas and steam turbines. The design principles of this tangential turbine correspond to all of the requirements listed above for the optimal conversion of the energy of a fluid into mechanical motional energy by turbines.

An axial-turbine represents a complete new type of turbine: several process segments are thereby repeatable without a fin-set or strator element as are to be found in all familiar turbines. In the inflow area, the fluid is at first diverted by approximately 90( to a direction basically parallel to the rotational axis. The fluid remains in the rotor's channels until the outlet. These channels are however ´asymmetrically spiralled´ whereby the fluid is moved against the direction of rotation of the rotor. A positive torque is repetitively produces.

One variation of this turbine basically consists of only a bundle of pipes bent to in a special form. The sealing of this axial turbine is absolutely no problem. This turbine can be constructed very simply and easily. The current is triply spiralled within itself, an ideal form for all fluid movements. The energy conversion is correspondingly optimal. With this axial turbine, completely new dimensions of turbine construction are opened.

A jet-engine can be constructed using the design elements: pre-twist-generator, potential-twistpump, combustion-chamber and a tangential- or an axial-turbine. In these design elements the fluid is constantly accelerated, principally in its rotational motion. This twisting motion is only stopped respectively harvested in the turbine and then only partially, as the remaining energy is required for propulsion. This propulsion is achieved by the ´impulse converter´, which effects an optimal acceleration of the greatest possible mass (see following invention).

2.3 Significant aspects

The accomplishment of these machines is that a twist flow, principally a potential-twist-flow is generated and is maintained pretty much throughout the complete machine or used in an optimal fashion. The mechanical illustrations of various ideal forms of flux can be achieved by these machines: the inwards and outwards eddying of a vortex in a closed system, the course of a ring vortex or the containing one within the next of several twisting motions. Even the sequence of movements of a tornado can be released mechanically and thereby its effects made technically useable.

While conventional flux science fussily attempts (and generally fails) to avoid the occurrence of all vortices, this work describes why and how vortex flows can be generated, promoted, maintained and used. Here also, several important technological aspects of flux in piston engines are discussed and solutions presented.

Analogous to the twisting movements within the twist, new types of crank mechanism are also developed. Last, but not least, the rotation stroke piston motor represents a symbiosis of piston engine and flux engine.

Many applications for these designs were discussed here, many more important applications can be accomplished with a much greater effectiveness by the many possible variations of these design elements.