1. Flux in pipes

With the throughput of fluid in pipes energy is expended or lost, which according to conventional knowledge occurs due to friction with the surface of the pipe, the energy being dissipated from the system as heat. Although this could easily be measured, no concrete values are available. Moreover, even if one would use isolated pipes, the result would be the same or worse. It will be explained here, that the heat loss is of secondary importance. The energy loss arises principally from the fact, that the friction with the pipe surfaces generates a current perpendicular to these surfaces. Consequently, the initially 'laminar' (parallel to the pipe´s axis) current becomes a turbulence and the current in the desired linear direction ends up blocking itself.

The above crosscurrents are harmless, indeed they have a positive effect, if curved current lines represent the desired direction. Particular attention must be paid here to the suction effect, because molecular particles flow into an area of local low pressure with molecular speed. Local low pressure is the cause of all vortex formation. ´Potential-vortices´ (twisting inside at higher speed as outside) are particularly advantageous, as they display an automatic acceleration. This is common knowledge. Based on a model of ´potential-molecular-movements´ presented here, it will be proved why these effects must arise.

As the objective of an optimal fluid flow in pipes, a form of motion will therefore be developed here, which is called ´potential-twist-flow´. It consists of a 'roll-layer' along the pipe wall, in which the adhesive friction is replaced by a rolling friction and which displays a twisting movement. The ´main-current´ flows within or on this roll-layer, and represents a potential vortex with a twist. Within this main-current a ´core-current´ is formed, in the shape of a ´rigid-vortex´ (twisting inside at lower speed as outside), which stabilises the main-current.

A potential-vortex neither absorbs nor gives off heat. The majority of molecules in a potential-vortex simply move in the same direction, fewer collisions occur against the general direction of movement, although the molecules in a potential-vortex display a greater density. The kinetic energy in a potential-vortex is no greater than in turbulent flows. The direction of all movements has however a higher level of order.

It doesn't make any sense, to allow a fluid to move exclusively in a straight line or indeed to attempt to impose a linear direction of motion on a fluid. When the potential-twist-flow is selected as a form of motion, fluid can however flow in an optimal fashion through a pipe. For the generation, maintenance and usage of this potential-twist-flow, various design elements have been developed with a strict logic, at first here through the means of stationary parts.

1.2. Design elements

The tank-outlet resp. pipe-inlet must be so formed that a potential-twist-flow is generated in the outlet pipe. Further, the outlet pipe must project into the tank and be extended to a hyperbel shaped funnel. This funnel must have a lid on the tank side. Fluid enters the inlet area between the funnel and the lid, with fins effecting a tangential inflow. On the pipe axis from the lid to within the outlet pipe an main-current pipe is installed. The main-current pipe has a smaller diameter than the pipe outlet. The main-current pipe is formed practically through lamella-shaped fins, so that fluid enters tangentially and a potential-twist-flow is generated in the main-current pipe. On the outside of the main-current pipe and on the funnel walls, fins lead a subsidiary flow into the outlet pipe. Here the main-current brushes over the subsidiary flow and thereby generates the rolling sequence of movements of the roll-layer. Normally only rounded edges are used for a tank outlet and pipe inlet. It is clear that this design, through the formation of firstly a spacious and gentle turning motion and latterly an intensive potential twist movement, generates a motion form of a completely new quality in the outlet pipe.

A pipe-outlet or tank-inlet must be so formed, that the kinetic energy of a fluid is reduced and static pressure energy is increased. With a conventional diffuser, the cross section is thus increased and the fluid exits in the direction of the pipe axis. The danger of vortex or turbulence formation and therefore of energy loss is present. It is more sensible at first to redirect the fluid into a radial flow and let it then exit at the jacket, as so the cross sectional area only grows in a linear relationship to the radius there.

A potential-twist-generator is capable of turning turbulent flows in a pipe into potential-twist-flow or to renew or reinforce potential-twist-flow. In the centre of the pipe's lengthways axis a round body, flattened to the back and front is embedded ('back' always refers to the direction from which the fluid comes, ´front´ being the end towards which it flows). This body will subsequently be referred to as an ´island´. The internal diameter of the pipe is such that the cross section available to the fluid remains more or less constant. Such an island generates no resistance. Rather, an intensive 'vortex-plait' with high kinetic energy is formed at the front. However fins between the pipe's inner wall and the island effect an optimal potential-twist-flow formation.

The above design element can be combined with a roll-layer generator, analogous to the tank-outflow above. A pipe section with a smaller diameter is built into the relevant pipe, thereby forming a boundary between the main-current and the roll-layer. Between the pipe and this pipe section the desired potential-twist is generated by fins. The fins extend over the front edge of the pipe section with reduced height. The main-current glides resp. brushes over these and generates the rolling movement of the roll-layer. These design elements can be combined with various other design elements, also described here.

With a pipe-cross-section-increase, the cross section available to the fluid may only be increased gently, so that turbulece formation and consequent energy loss are avoided. This can be achieved by constructing an island on the pipe axis. Fins are to be installed between the pipe wall and the island. These fins must be so formed, that the twist at the front is less than that at the back. Additionally the roll-layer should be stabilised at the front.

With a pipe-cross-section-reduction, resistance is normally generated. This resistance can be reduced by constructing an island on the pipe axis. The constriction of the pipe can then be achieved more gently. Further, fins between the pipe wall and the island give the flow a greater motion component in the direction of the pipe axis. At the front the roll-layer should be re-stabilised.

A jet is often a decisive construction element for the conversion of pressure or the kinetic energy of a fluid. In order to decrease the resistance of a jet and to organise the fluid stream optimally, the stream must be ordered in stages. At first the current must be ordered in a dimension, in which its structure becomes flattish. This is achieved through the embedding of an island and the simultaneous extension of the pipe's diameter. The cross section available to the fluid can thereby be reduced gently. Secondly a powerful twist must be impressed upon the flow. This is achieved through fins between the pipe wall and the island in the area where the diameter is increased. Thirdly, a potential-vortex is automatically generated in the following area, where the pipe cross section decreases. The cross section there is decreased continually. The fluid is driven in a spiral path by which a high outwards pressure is exerted from the outside wall of the pipe. On the other hand a suction is generated on the inside, by gradually decreasing the island. Together these forces produce a spiral, forward directed potential-vortex. Within this the molecules move, at this stage with molecular speed, increasingly in an axial direction. A rotary motion is still present at the mouth of the jet, which has a positive stabilising effect to the subsequent free-fall.

The same design elements are to be used, when a nozzle-with-ring-shaped-jet is to be used, an important variation for many applications e.g. the inlet into a turbine. In this case the diameter of the pipe and the island are not reduced at the front, but could even be larger.

Throttle-valves produce chaotic vortices, especially between the pipe wall and the throttle valve, and thereby resistance and turbulent flows. This can be avoided, by building an island into the pipe in such manner that the inner wall of the pipe and the surface of the island represent the form of a sphere in a common area. In between, throttle valves can be rotatably stored causing minimal flow resistance.

A fin-set-with-ring-shaped-jet has basically the same construction, with the exception that the diameter of the island at the front is not decreased to nothing. Through varying opening angles, the throughflow and also the twist formation is controlled e.g. in the inlet of a turbine.

A bend is an often used element in pipe systems. On the inside of every simply constructed pipe arc there occurs a disruption of the flow, a vortex is formed and the result is a turbulent flow with corresponding resistance and energy loss. This can be avoided, if fins in the area of the bend generate a twisting motion and if the fluid completes at least one full twist about the pipe's axis in the course of the bend. All comparable flow lines are then equally long and have the same curve. Flow lines in the centre are however shorter than those at the outside. If the fins are correctly curved, a potential-twist-flow results, even if the flow at the back is turbulent. Instead of the inevitable resistance associated with conventional pipe bends, an arc of this design generates a qualitatively improved flow. Significant loss to national economies can be attributed to the many unsatisfactorily constructed pipe bends alone. It is unquestionable that this invention can reduce this problem considerably.

Analogous to the design principles of the pipe bends above, a potential-twist-flow-fin-set can be employed in straight sections of pipe. Thus can turbulent flows be converted into potential-twist-flows or these can be stabilised or reconstructed after disruptions caused e.g. by measuring instruments or valves etc. built into the pipes. This design element is also one which can be recommended for retro-fitting in existing pipe systems.

Equally significant is the inflow and outflow of fluid into and out of various pipes. As a rule this process normally is associated with the formation of vortices, turbulent flows and consequent energy loss. Significant advantages with regard to the better organisation of flow can be achieved in this process of mixing or branching of partial flows. The precondition is that potential-twist-flows are present in all pipes, a condition easily achieved by use of the design elements described above. At the inflow or mixing in a stream, the fluid must be taken off in a tangential direction from the supplying pipe and guided to the receiving pipe also in a tangential direction. The cross sectional surfaces must be correspondingly decreased or increased. In the receiving pipe the speed at the pipe wall is normally nil. Instead, the incoming fluid now brings its own speed and pressure, thereby effecting a torque in the receiving pipe. The potential-twist-flow here is thus significantly increased.

The outflow or branching should be designed in an analogous fashion. Thus only the relative slow external flow lines are taken from the main-current. T-pieces can also be designed analogously. Of particular interest here are pressure pipes, form which only the slow flow layer on the outside is taken to have its speed or pressure increased by a pump so that it can then be reintroduced to the main-current.

The division and reintegration of currents with conventional structural elements results almost unavoidably in energy loss. In the theories used by flux science, these mixing processes are calculated according to known formulae, leading to paradoxical results. These formulae however, involve only quantitative calculations. Vectors on the other hand are qualitative features. One cannot simply consider the average speed in the direction of the pipe. The design elements here account for multi-layered movements, their speeds and pressures and directions. They generate qualitatively better currents.

With the design elements above a potential-twist-flow can be built up or stabilised. Moreover it is possible to maintain this potential-twist-flow through the styling of pipes. Pipes of this kind are called potential-twist-flow pipes. Their cross sections are those of equilateral triangles or polygons, with the corners rounded. The pipe as a whole is spiral shaped. In the corners, subsidiary flows are created, along the pipe walls roll-layers, the main-current is now to a much lesser degree exposed to friction at the pipe walls. The subsidiary flows move more slowly because of the friction, they thus exert pressure towards the centre with the result that the main-current is intensified. Potential-twist-flow pipes are more complicated, but still unproblematic to produce e.g. from plastic. The current in these pipes is manifold better than in conventional ones. Their use is worthwhile in many applications.

1.3. Significant aspects

The shortest path between any two points is a straight line. The linear path for a fluid is not 'goable'. Fluids must be moved in curved paths, in pipes this means potential-twist-flows.

The 'energies' which this current form 'generates' can be seen in any tornado. It will be demonstrated here, that in no way are extra energies created by such a potential-vortex. A potential-vortex simply possesses self-organisation. In it the direction of the currents are impressed to a high degree on the normal molecular movements. Many 'normal' high and low pressure areas posses just as much energy as a strong tornado. They are simply laid out in too flat a fashion and the movement components are not as disciplined in an axial direction.

Exactly this third dimension is what is needed so that a potential-vortex can come into being instead of a normal one. This axial direction of movement is the objective of pipe systems. That's why the potential-twist-flows presented here are so highly significant for all movements of fluids within solid bodies.

Most of the design elements described here have a greater 'wetted' area (a larger surface is in touch with fluid) than comparable conventional elements. This is completely irrelevant. What is important is that the power arising through friction has a positive effect with regard to movement of the fluid in the desired direction. Here alone is the explanation for the self-organisation, which creates greater order without expending extra energy.

With the design elements presented here, a completely new quality of flux in pipes can be achieved. The construction of these elements is generally more complicated than that of conventional, familiar elements. As a rule however, these elements have an extremely high life time, so that the increased expense in their production is more than compensated by the reduced energy loss through their life span. Some of these design elements offer such a degree of improvement that the viability of their immediate employment is beyond question.

This applies even more so to flux machines, which are built according to comparable design principles.