Subjects
Naturally these new considerations are based on several workouts to ´Auto-Motor resp. Autonomous working Suction-Turbine´, descriptions of ´Particle Movements´ of previous part, especially concerning ´Tornado-Motor´, there again prevailingly concerning Clem-Motor and proposals for optimizing these machines. Decisive impulse for these new workouts are also based on intensive correspondence with some readers. So at the following I try to describe theoretic basis for surplus of these advanced conceptions. Aim of that chapter thus is description of that unbelievable simple construction and its movement processes in details, approval of decisive effects by calculations of some examples, so soon nearby optimum machines can be build, providing free available energy supply.
Fluid flows through that canal from inlet D (upside, ´thin end´ of rotor) downward-outward to outlet E (downside, at ´thick end´ of rotor). At the one hand, fluid sticks at stationary housing-wall and at the other hand fluid sticks at rotating surface of rotor. Based on gravity and centrifugal forces, fluid moves at spiral track like here marked by blue curve between C and E.
Turning Movement
At these pictures is shown rotor turning by 60 degrees. Particles at housing wall still stick there at their original positions G. Particles sticking at rotor however move within space to each position I. Blue curves mark previous neighbouring particles, which now are pulled of each other, depending on radius. Here for example curve downside is three times longer than upside curve, i.e. towards downside increasingly comes up thin-out resp. relative void resp. suction.
When rotor is started turning, fluid also comes into turning movement, at first however with some delay. Particles near rotor are dragged and ´pull´ also particles further outside into circled tracks. However that picture already shows, turning flow within canal will be slower than rotor turning speed, so fluid probably will turn only half of speed of rotor surface.
Heat
When particles arrive at E, they hit onto particles already sticking at wall, however lastly corresponding impulse is transferred onto housing-wall. That wall becomes ´shaken´ resp. at least by parts energy transferred from rotor onto particles now is transferred to housing. So at this conception, housing becomes heated resp. from surface of housing again heat is transferred onto neighbouring fluid. Housing like medium will show heat some increased by these movements processes. At the other hand, flows generated by suction affect cooling (see chapters of previous part), so suitable constructions of that machine might not become very hot.
Zigzag-Course
At wall exists relative thick border layer, e.g. simply based on centrifugal forces. Within these turbulences particles are not rejected by likely angles but particle will fly off by angle more obtuse into direction G resp. now transfers that speed and direction onto other particles of canal by following collisions (like analogue within pipes starting laminar flows become turbulent with movements showing inwards).
Particle coming to position G probably will stick at rotor surface for some time, earlier or later however will again fly off tangentially, now again accelerated by rotor. So at zigzag-course particles wander through canal. One particle naturally does not move from one wall to other wall, but both movements with each directions and speeds are exchanged by collisions of that movement process in principle.
At this picture left side these both movements are drawn multiple overlaid. Highlighted are some schematic sections of tracks of particles near housing-wall, middle at canal and near rotor surface. Particles on and on leave rotor surface, however their ´empty places´ are occupied immediately by next particles. Tracks marked here naturally are drawn by rather rough scales, however real movement pattern of real particles within canal will correspond well to that principle.
This picture already shows, surface of housing-wall should be rather even so minimum heat is transferred and particles are rejected with minimum loss of speed. At the other hand, surface of rotor might be coarse so relative many particles stick on and are accelerated at its best, transferring increased kinetic energy via tangential flight onto neighbouring particle into turning sense of system.
Mostly underrated however are centripetal forces coming up at potential vortices. Here fluid particles move faster inside, like marked by bended arrows at F. Fast flow affects less pressure aside than neighbouring slower flows. Opposite, stronger static pressure of slower flows affect centripetal force G. So contrary to inertia showing outward, rotating fluids of potential vortices show pressure forces towards inside.
At viscous masses centrifugal forces predominate, however already at water vortices masses are not pushed off outward but are dragged into potential ´whirlpool´ (like here e.g. marked by curve H). At air, centrifugal forces practically don´t come up because free movable particles fly into direction of relative void all times. However, air-driven machines demand large constructional volumes, so here thin-bodied oils probably might be best working medium.
Centripetal Forces
Outside at border of eye, air masses build ring of most fast rotating flow C (dark blue), so that movement shows increased dynamic pressure. By fundamental law of fluid-sciences, sum of static and dynamic pressures is constant (see chapters of previous part). So exactly corresponding to increase of flow-pressure thus reduction of static pressure is. Here that´s symbolized by rectangle C (dark red) as its edges-lines into flow-direction are stretched and correspondingly its edges cross to flow are drawn shorter.
Again and again is ´puzzled´ over source of energies of hurricanes. However its absolutely clear, central flow shows flow-pressure towards forward and thus must show corresponding less pressure aside, so from outside towards inside exists absolutely likely difference of static pressures. At open systems, static differences remain not static, but naturally search for balance. So naturally flows radial towards inside come up - and their kinetic energies logically must correspond in total with kinetic energy of central flow-ring. Radial resp. centripetal showing flows and pressures as a whole thus are completely likely with relations of central flow-ring, here downside of picture marked by rectangle E (dark red).
Starting from outside border, smooth transition of static pressure B (at picture right side) into increasing dynamic pressure F occurs towards middle ring-flow with its dynamic pressure C. Tangential and radial forces as a whole result known flow G of potential vortices, starting outside radial and towards inside moving by increased speed and increasingly into tangential directions. Hurricane (like any potential vortex) needs only trigger for starting turning movement. Following acceleration occurs autonomous, as molecules fly all times into direction of less contrary pressure resp. less density, so latent existing kinetic energy of originally chaotic molecular movement becomes prevailing direction.
Opening Potential-Vortex
Previous hurricane and other natural vortices are inward-moving potential vortices. Opposite here, where cone-like rotor moves faster within space at larger radius, so fluid at that canal represents outward-moving potential vortex. Correspondingly, intake to faster flow-ring (downside) occurs from upside-centre. Differences of static pressures thus here result no inward affecting force but pressure gradient from upside-centre to downside-outward and corresponding flow will move at spiral track - and this not based on gravity or inertia, but accelerated by latent kinetic energy of molecular movements.
Constant Cross-section
Constant cross-sectional surface of about 400 cm^2 (QF 400) for example is given, when radius of rotor shows 4 cm upside and 20 cm downside, while radius of housing is 12 cm upside and 23 cm downside. Ring-shaped canal thus is 8 cm wide at upper end and width decreases to 3 cm downside (at longer circumference). If height of rotor are 25 cm, canal volume is 1 litre (RI 1000) and at height of 50 cm volume is 2 litre (RI 2000) resp. water would show effective mass of about 2 kg.
Within that canal thus at all levels move likely masses and turn increasingly faster from upside down, like right side of picture marked by different blue colours. Resulting of is gradient of static pressures, i.e. upper fluid layers press downward. Fluid thus will move from top downward at spiral tracks like sketched by curve left side of picture.
At previous hurricane, gradient of static pressures affect winds accelerated from outside inward, i.e. system demands continuous intake of ´new´ air from outside. Just like this, here self-acceleration can not come up only by horizontal turning of fluid within canal, if in addition masses can not flow correspondingly faster from inlet downward. That´s not given by constant cross-sectional surfaces (previous constant 400 cm^2 at all levels), i.e. not only width of canal must decrease but also their cross-sectional surfaces must become smaller from inlet to outlet.
Decreasing Cross-section
It´s assumed rotor turns 1200 rpm (U/M 1200) and thus rotor surface quite downside turns by speed of 25 m/s (VR 25). It´s assumed, fluid moves only by half of rotor-speed, thus fluid quite downside turns by 12,5 m/s (VF 12.5).
That flow off outlet naturally demands corresponding intake. As fluid however must enter inlet area by slower speed, cross-sectional surface upside must be wider. Here for example that inlet-surface is double with 800 cm^2 (QF 800) as radius of housing there is enlarged to 16 cm (instead of previous 12 cm). Speed of flow up there at inlet thus is only 6.25 m/s (VF 6.25), half of speed downside at outlet.
Rotor surface downside moves five times fast in space than upside (radius 20/4). Rotor involves and accelerates direct however only border layer of e.g. 2 to 4 mm (so only some twentieth part of mass throughput). So one can´t expect fluid-flow at a whole is also accelerated five times. Realistic value might be autonomous acceleration to double of intake-speed resp. half of rotor speed (from these 6.25 up to 12.5 m/s). This corresponds also to average radius of canal at inlet- and outlet-area (21.5 / 10), so adequate average view.
Inlet-Snail
These dimensions probably seam over-sized - however also hurricane can develop its dynamic forces only bases on static pressure of wide surrounding areas. Here at that outward-turning potential vortex, intake of sufficient masses with sufficient slow speeds demand these relative wide diameters. At open system of hurricanes these ´intake-winds´ start practically far away of ´resting´ environment. Here at closed circuit of these machines however exists already at inlet-area certain backflow-speed, from which ´winds´ start.
Acceleration results of vertical pressure-gradients, as molecules are pushed down resp. vice versa downside fast flows affect like suction towards upper flow layers. As fluid within snail enters already moving, flow into horizontal direction already exists. In addition with suction into vertical direction, fluid flows off snail diagonal into inlet of canal. Based on previous data, fluid there falls down by 6.25 m/s - and thus is already turning also by that speed.
As fluid within snail already is turning, upper part of rotor must not affect acceleration, because fluid there moves already turning within whole canal. Further down however, faster moving surface of rotor ´pulls´ off accelerated border layer and thus essentially faster flow within canal comes up in total.
Cross-Result
Kinetic energy of fluid flowing off outlet can be estimated by common formula E = 0.5 * m * v^2. Outlet-speed here is assumed by half of speed of rotor surface quite downside and water is assumed as working medium. At revolutions assumed at previous picture with 1200 rpm, 5 litre flow off by 12.5 m/s at ring-shaped outlet, equal to 390 Nm. At ´idle-motion´ of e.g. 600 rpm only 2.5 litre flow off by 6.25 m/s, representing only about 50 Nm. Opposite e.g. 1800 rpm show volume throughput of 7.5 litre each second with 18.75 m/s and corresponding 1318 Nm. If that machine drives 2400 rpm it will transport 10 kg each second by 25 m/s, so theoretic corresponding with 3125 Nm.
These rough calculations are based on assumptions concerning average fluid throughput. Energy input for drive of rotor will be no important factor. Much more could cost losses of friction, in shape of heat and hindering throughput. So especially organization of inlet areas is important.
At the other hand these calculations are based only at effect of self-acceleration, so only concerning autonomous transition of static pressure into flow pressure at outlet. That flow well could be stronger if centrifugal forces are included. As mentioned upside, production of centrifugal forces however demand corresponding acceleration of masses at circled tracks, at closed systems continuously.
If however e.g. at previous snails of intake-area, flow already is directed spiral-downward by suction effect, inertia of flow naturally will go on affecting further down. Above this, all autonomous accelerations also affect diagonal downward-outward all times. So at outlet well could exist additional centrifugal forces resp. much more pressure-energy than assumed at previous calculations.
At the other hand here laminar flows are assumed in principle. However flow-threads of different speeds won´t glide totally smooth alongside each other, so vortices-bands or -plaits or -twists will come up also at this machine. Throughput might decrease and at outlet, kinetic energy might not be transferred into mechanic turning momentum in total. Different revolutions will produce different pattern of vortices which could be hindering or opposite, throughput could eveb run like at ´ball-bearings´.
Nozzle and Turbine
It´s assumed speed of fluid flows only by 50 percent of rotor speed - or even probably up to 70 percent. Nevertheless kinetic energy of that flow could be transformed into turning momentum by rotor nozzles using rejection-principle. However that will not be good because danger of uncontrolled acceleration could come up and machine could explode. At the other hand vortex-systems can not develop effective, if at outlet strong resistance exists.
At this picture left and right side are sketched two possibilities for transmission of kinetic energy into turning momentum. At D canal at its downside end is bended outward and its diameter little bit decreased. Fast flow alongside rotor has longer distance to move, so at outlet of that nozzle exists flow rather homogeneous moving diagonal outward, all around as flat jet. Right side at this picture, outlet of canal shows straight down, i.e. here outward showing motions component is redirected into tangential direction.
Transmission into turning momentum is done by separated turbine F (yellow) and (at left side) blades S are arranged direct at canal outlet. Turbine will turn half speed of fluid, so about four times slower than rotor turns. Fluid is redirected by blades and flies off into free space (marked by dark blue points). That free outlet is essential, so no backwater resp. resistance into canal can come up. Probably even better would be, jet at first flies free some distance before hitting ´free-jet-turbine-blades´, like sketched right side of picture. Fluid finally falls into tank, of which backflow R is organized.
Circuit
Water gathers within tank F and via backflow-pipe G fluid is guided upward again. Mass falls down within canal by gravity and now must be lifted by corresponding force contrary to gravity. That lowering/lifting is force-neutral, except that distance fluid falls free within area E. However no ´circulating-pump´ will be necessary, because pressure-differences within canal affect strong suction back into inlet snail D/H and from there back into backflow-pipe G.
Condition for that suction effect however is, no air-bubbles exist within upper part of machine (when liquids are used as working medium). Air will be up there when machine is stopped because liquid will move down and fill up area E. Air then is upside at inlet area H, e.g. upside of dotted blue line. So when starting machine, rotor must turn and same time pump P must suck off air from upside area H and press air down into area E.
Naturally also other measurements of that starting-problems are possible. Naturally rotor and turbine and bearings etc. must be done according to technical conditions, inclusive drive of rotor. Probably additional side aggregates are necessary. In principle however that conception is valid for autonomous running machines generating free available mechanical turning momentum (similar to Clem-Motor, however with only one wide canal).
Inward / outward turning Vortices
Fluid (blue) now from inlet area D directly is sucked into canal C as soon as rotor B (red) is turning. Like at previous version, canal is bordered by cone-shaped (and here bended) surface of rotor towards inside/upside, towards outside/downside now however canal is bordered by ring-shaped element G (grey). That part is stationary and fix connected with housing A by sheets H (between dotted lines).
Analogue to previous described movement processes, fluid within canal is accelerated and flows off outlet upside-outside. Flow there again is redirected backward in turning sense of system by blades S of turbine T (yellow), so kinetic energy of accelerated flow becomes transferred into turning momentum. Fluid flies off into air-area E (light yellow), i.e. exits (marked by dark blue points) without resistance and backwater into canal. Turning speed of fluid there is reduced and fluid moves down again to inlet area D.
Within that downside bowl exists inward-turning vortex. Upside-outside fluid moves relative slow, based on impulse-constant angles-speeds increases downward-inward. Sheets H are shaped corresponding, however fluid autonomous accelerates within that potential vortex, based again at differences of static pressures. So rotor must not re-accelerate ´resting´ fluid mechanical, because at inlet D already exists turning flow. Cross-sectional surfaces within canal and backflow-tank must be arranged that kind, from upside-outside via downside-centre up to canal-outlet (E-H-D-C-S) each less surface is available (for steady pressure-gradients and faster speeds).
Centrifugal and Gravity Forces
At that picture right side at F is drawn water-surface of resting machine, where turbine-blades S and parts of canal are free of water. As soon as rotor starts, it works like centrifugal pump and water is pushed off canal outlet aside. So start of that machine does not demand additional elements and stabile fluid-circuit is guaranteed.
Opposite to gravity, here inertia resp. centrifugal forces are important for motion system and acceleration effect (if liquids are used as working medium). At previous version centrifugal forces did function similar to Segner- resp. Segner/Euler-Wheel as force-component showing outward-downward. Centrifugal forces affect all times with outward-component, here however that component is used for generating an upward-component.
Fluid is pressed at upper side of ring-shaped body G and based on that pressure is shifted upward-outward alongside that surface. At the other hand thus come up turbulent flows with relative strong static pressures at that surface and that pressure is opposed to low static pressure of faster flows alongside rotor. Opposite to previous version, here centrifugal forces are not allowed simply to ´escape´ outward, but are used to increase differences of static pressures - and these gradients are decisive for self-acceleration of fluid based on its own inner kinetic energy.
Optimum Machines
However usage of liquid medium still works optimum by free exit into air. That machine will work without problems at stationary position, within vehicles however liquids could swap around within tank, so that motor is not to use for any applications. That motor driving with air will make no problems, however light medium demands corresponding large volume of construction or rather fast revolutions. These points of view and some more are discussed at following chapter.
Expert readers soon will find that motor is somehow similar to Segner-Wheel respective Segner/Euler-Wheel (both build 250 years ago) or some constructions of Viktor Schauberger (build some 50 years ago) or Clem-Motor (build 25 years ago). Here I don´t discuss these predecessors because at these machines fluid moved through rather narrow canals and some constructions were rather complicated. At that new conception of cone-motor however, fluid moves rather free within construction most simple. So movement processes and decisive effects are clearly described and easy to understand.
Basic Construction
At picture 06.02.01 schematic are shown main constructional elements. Within a housing A (grey) is arranged cone-shaped opening, within which rotor B (red) is turning and rotor also is cone-shaped. Distance between housing-wall and surface of rotor builds ring-shaped canal C (light blue) and its diameter thus is also increasing towards downward. That canal is limited by round cone-shaped rotor and round cone-shaped housing-wall and no other cross-walls etc. divide that volume (opposite to conceptions of canals at previous parts).
At picture 06.02.02 upside once more are drawn housing A, truncated cone of rotor B and between both canal C by longitudinal cross-sectional view through system axis. Three levels D, E and F are marked as horizontal cuts, each half circle of are sketched at this picture further down.
Each one radius from system shaft towards left downside is marked, where at each point G actually fluid particle stick at housing-wall and further inside at point H fluid particles stick on surface of rotor. At all three cross-sections are marked positions between G and H by blue thin lines, representing neighbouring fluid particles there.
At picture 06.02.03 cross-sectional view is drawn by some larger scale, again with housing-wall A, rotor B and canal C. Downside at D particle sticks at rotor surface and moves within space by given turning speed of rotor there. Surface continuously moves back from tangential (centrifugal-) direction, so particle will loosen from surface. By given speed of rotor, particle will fly into direction E resp. at following collisions that speed and direction is transmitted onto neighbouring particles.
Theoretical, particle flying from D to E should be mirrored at housing-wall and thus fly off wall into direction F with unchanged speed. Particle however transferred some motion energy to wall, so it will fly back with speed some decreased.
Centrifugal Forces
At turning movements, one immediately thinks at centrifugal forces because well known by practice of rotating solid bodies, e.g. of wheels. Also liquids show inertia affecting at rotational motions as centrifugal force. At picture 06.02.04 previous cross-sectional view is shown once more. Particles of liquid fly straight forward based on inertia, thus at each tangential directions like marked by arrows at D at picture downside. Based on centrifugal force E towards outside, increased density resp. pressure comes up towards outside, here marked by different blue colours.
At picture 06.02.05 centripetal forces are visualized by example of whirlwinds. Central area A (yellow) marks ´eye´ of hurricane, within which nearby no wind exists and nearby normal atmospheric pressure. Thus there exists just normal static pressure, affecting towards all sides likely, here represented by square B (light red).
Quite outside at border of hurricane exist nearby no winds and thus again nearby normal air pressure, here marked by square quite left side. So from border towards central flow-ring exists difference of static pressure, thus centripetal affecting force D.
Flow within canal of that machine is driven by turning of rotor. Thin fluid layer near surface of rotor turns faster than fluid further outside. So centripetal forces work analogue to previous hurricane. In addition, flow within that cone-like canal moves from upside-centre towards downside-outward. Gravity supports movement downward while inertia resp. centrifugal forces support outward movements. Both effects however are not decisive for that machine, because circuit of medium demands corresponding lift contrary to gravity, at the other hand existence of centrifugal forces demand corresponding acceleration of masses.
Fluid must show different speeds, so fluid-internal kinetic energy can affect external (self-acceleration can come up). These speed-differences are given into horizontal direction as fluid alongside housing-wall moves slower and towards rotor moves faster and faster. Demanded speed-differences into vertical direction however is not possible, if canal towards downside offers all times larger cross-sectional surfaces, like simply drawn upside. At picture 06.02.06 thus are shown two other longitudinal cross-sectional views.
Corresponding shaped canal is shown at picture 06.02.07 by longitudinal cross-sectional view. Rotor B of previous long version shows these dimensions: radius upside 4 cm and 20 cm downside and height 50 cm. Housing A downside again has radius of 23 cm, so canal there is 3 cm wide and again cross-sectionals surface are previous 400 cm^2 (QF 400) at outlet area downside.
Like shown at example of hurricane, turning flow shows likely values like radial intake-flow (practically ending into tangential direction with just that maximum speed). Analogue here will come up flow component into axial direction (within canal from top-centre towards downside-outward), which lastly shows speed just like turning movement. So fluid will exit outlet just with these 12.5 m/s, at total cross-sectional surface of 400 cm^2 same time, thus volume-flow of 5 litre each second exists (VS 5000).
Also ahead of inlet to canal naturally again higher static pressure should exist. Here at this picture thus is shown relative wide snail-housing D and its ´pipe-radius´ is enlarged from these 16 up to 18 cm further back. Into that snail should tangential end a pipe with cross-section surface of e.g. 1000 cm^2 (QF 1000) with corresponding flow of only 5 m/s (VF 5).
Essential acceleration occurs by transition of static pressure into dynamic flow pressure. Like at hurricanes these machines demand only trigger for turning motions. Mechanic drive here affects only at small border layer resp. as far as ´friction´ of particles sticking at rotor surface works, thus concerning only some millimetres resp. only small part of total mass throughput. Energy-input for permanent drive of rotor probably will demand less then tenth part of total energy turnaround.
At picture 06.02.08 downside part of housing and rotor schematic are drawn by parts. Fluid at outlet has two motion-components, tangential part (VT) based on rotation and vertical part (VV) resp. diagonal down-outward based on self-acceleration and centrifugal forces. At a whole thus fluid moves diagonal (VD) outward-down off canal.
At picture 06.02.09 now conception of machine is drawn schematic with its essential constructional elements. Within housing A (grey) cone-shaped rotor B (red) is turning and between both elements canal C (light blue) is arranged. Fluid flows via intake-snail D into canal and accelerated downward-outside off canal. At blades S of turbine T (yellow) increased pressure of flow is transferred into turning momentum, where flow is decelerated and fluid flies into space E filled up with air (light-yellow resp. dark blue points).
Nevertheless that additional pump and pipes are not optimum and there must be better solutions. Lowering and lifting of masses is not totally force-neutral at previous version because of that air-area downside rotor. Air pushes upward within liquids all times and at the other hand hydraulic effect of suction gets lost as soon as upside any air bubble comes up. Much more simple and to start and drive without problems is machine, if previous version is installed upside-down, like sketched at picture 06.02.10.
Like mentioned upside, gravity does not bother that circuit and wanted acceleration effect. Here at that flat construction, height of free fall within air-area E is only some few centimetre and fluid is lifted that difference by centrifugal forces without any problem.
That version with integrated backflow within closed fluid-tank all around and complete circuit of fluid inside demands much less constructional elements, is simple to start and to drive and works even more effective. At that version, lifting of masses contrary to gravity is done by automatic centrifugal effect most simple.
06.03. Ultra-Sound-Motor
Implosion-Machines