Ether / Resonance
Previous part 05. ´Particles-Movements´ was intended only as short excurse for description of known processes of material fluid particles. That workout however got much too comprehensive, brought new insights far beyond know flow sciences. Again, for me a subject was finished, however resonance to these workouts was extraordinary, so I just have to put some more details and further ideas at new part 06. ´Implosion-Machines´ - and occasionally mention ether-background of these appearances.
Schauberger opposed common ´Explosion-Technology´ (combustion-techniques and prevailing application of pressures) by new term of ´Implosion-Technology´ where application of suction dominates and much better performance is achieved by less energy-input and resistance. This first chapter ´Molecular-Speeds´ now describes once more essential theoretic findings for manipulation of movement processes and following chapters will show some general applications for suction-flow-machines.
Formula of static Pressure
´Normalization-Factor´ (NF) represents force-component right-angles towards surface, where chaotic movements of all directions, in total affect only by two third (corresponding to relation of molecular speed VM to sound speed VS). Factor 0,5 often appears at formula, here representing ´way-factor´ (WF), as only one movement is directed towards surface while second movement (resp. time-unit) represents way back off surface. Density-factor (DF) represents number of particles hitting onto surface each time-unit. Speed-factor (GF) describes vehemence of hits. At the other hand, frequency of hits again depends on speed of momentary molecular movements (VM) - where from that V^2 appears at common formula of flow sciences. So formula for calculation of pressure is composed by normalization-factor times way-factor times density-factor times speed by square, so P = NF * WF * DF * VM^2, e.g. at air by normal conditions P = 0,66 * 0,5 * 1,225 * 495^2 = 100.052 N/m^2. That formula also is valid for any kind of static pressures.
Formula of Lift
At chapter 05.04. ´Lift at Wings´ I deduced by pure theoretic considerations, at upper side of common wing-profiles, relative wind of some 45 to 50 m/s is generated by suction effect. At chapter 05.12. ´A380 and Lift´ I approved, lift exclusively results of difference of static pressures - where that difference again exactly corresponds to difference of dynamic pressures at downside and upside surface of wing.
While common lift-formula with factor V^2 predict exponential and unlimited increasing lift-forces (down-calculated by each empiric Ca-factor), my formula shows two different speed-factors - and both are limited by sound-speed (because beyond sound speed no ´natural´ lift exists but only mechanic pushing-upward is possible). At mentioned chapter is approved by example of A380-data, calculations with my formula exactly describe real situations of different flight phases.
I don´t like formula and common calculations - and studied physicians and scientists might think that´s typical layman ignorance. Previous both examples however might sufficiently show, I well could produce better alternatives and precise formula - however much more important for me is description of real processes. For example, also previous formula still are much too generalizing - by my understanding - e.g. because density and speeds result by most different processes.
Two-Kinds Densities/Speeds
So prevailing techniques of pressure applications inevitably generate side-effects in shape of heat (which mostly gets lost into environment) and compression resp. increasing resistance (to overcome only by additional input of energy). Efficiency of that common technology is correspondingly poor (details see chapter 05.13. ´Explosion / Implosion´).
Opposite are processes by application of suction, e.g. by back-stepping wall (E) resp. analogue also by ´relative back-stepping´ particles of faster flow towards neighbouring slower flows. Particle (D) flies with normal speed (VN) towards wall (resp. collision-partner) and wall moves back same time (here towards left), so particle is rejected with delay and by reduced speed (VR). Difference between both speeds (D - F) again represents general speed of flow, now however resulting of molecular movements some slower, and thus same time representing resp. generating cold (K, green).
Following particles hit onto slower particles, i.e. resistance is reduced. Back-stepping wall continuously offers new areas of relative void, into which particles can fall unhindered, also by groups, also nearby each other, into likely directions, i.e. flow of high density and structure comes up. So suction (of back-stepping wall, also e.g. diagonal arranged like upside rear end of wing, or especially by neighbouring faster flows) results flow of increased speed without resistance. That flow really shows high ´density´, however by relative parallel flying particles (just opposite to ´chaotic´ density of pressure-affect). Same time cooling comes up as side-effect. Application of suction thus produces potential-differences with minimum or often with just no energy input.
Climator
Within housing D (grey) is turning rotor E (red), which shows steps F running spiral from inside outward. Between rotor and stationary part H exists canal G (dark blue) running all around. If rotor is turning clock-wise, walls of these steps continuously move back from fluid. So by pure suction-effect, flow towards outward is generated, where same time fluid at outlet K (light blue) becomes cold. Fluid flows back through sheets L (green) to central inlet area M (light blue). Via these sheets resp. direct through housing-walls that coldness is transferred into environment.
Opposite heat comes up if rotor is turning counter-clock-wise. Spiral walls of steps now affect like blades of centripetal-pump, pressing fluid from outside inward. Fluid thus is compressed and heat is produced, which again is transferred into environment at downside part of machine (reps. that area L could be constructed as heat-changer).
That heat-production generates resistance, i.e. only energy input for driving rotor becomes available in shape of heat. So that machine won´t work very effective for heating rooms (and there are much better solutions available). Generating cold however demands only few energy input, practically only for overcoming friction of bearings, because fluid throughput exclusively is done by suction effect. Particles by their own movement energy all times fly into direction ob back-stepping wall - resp. even drive rotor ahead by hitting at these steps. Other application of that interesting movement principle are described in details by later chapters.
Static / Dynamic Pressures
Differences of static pressures are balanced immediately within free moving fluids, so right-angles to flow D (dark red) radial flow E (blue) comes up. In principle and in total, thus pressure relations F (dark red) from border to centre are identical to pressure relation of central flow D. Central fast flow thus does not affect ´little bit sucking´ towards environment, but potential of environment right angles towards central flow is just as strong than potential of kinetic energy of that flow by itself.
Within such vortices systems come up flows from outside towards centre, increasing faster and increasingly turning from radial direction G into tangential direction H. That movement pattern of increasing speeds here is marked by different blue colours. Such vortices systems need only (occasional) trigger for initial pressure potential. Afterwards systems accelerate autonomous, as static pressure of environment transmits into dynamic flow-pressure, where environment delivers practically unlimited pressure potential.
Kinetic energy rises astonishing fast and strong, because potential differences exist within total volume of system, as anywhere are movements, anywhere faster towards inside. Each faster flow affects like suction because fast particles flow off aside of slower particles, practically leaving relative void, resp. collisions occur ´delayed´ and rejected particles show less speed (like discussed upside) - and also relative cold comes up as side-effect. Also that movement pattern is important for following chapters.
Flettner-Sailor
In order to remember that successful technology, my friend Reiner Höhndorf installed such cylinders at an old barge. Drive is to control in any direction by some shiftable sheets at cylinders. Even no winds were blowing, Reiner managed to cruise around near Schwerin (see picture 06.01.07).
Drive come not up by winds blowing into sails, but cylinders produce accelerated flow by friction at their frontside surfaces, so less static pressure exists there. At backward surfaces of cylinders and sheets normal atmospheric pressure weights or even stronger static dam-up pressures, so difference of pressures results drive forces. By shifting control-sheets, ship navigates, can move backwards and even against existing winds.
Flettner-Wheel
From central inlet area A (light blue) fluid is sucked into canals B (dark blue), finally flowing off through outlet area D (light blue). Rotor C (red) affects accelerated flow, only by friction and only a relative thin layer. According to previous mentioned processes of that potential-flow however, much wider movements come up in addition, especially as fluid is guided within closed system.
Cylinders partly are covered by sheets. Based on generated flows within canals, at each front surface of cylinders and sheets exist relative less static pressures. At each backward showing surfaces E (green) most strong (atmospheric) pressure should weight, i.e. fluid there preferably should rest. This is achieved e.g. by sheets in shape of circle-segments with no backward showing surface, only for hindering cross-movements of air at this area (details see mentioned chapter ´Suction-Windmill´).
Previous examples of ´Flettner-Sails and -Wheels´ demonstrate, molecular movements can be manipulated by input of few energy, so static pressure is transformed into dynamic pressure and pressure-differences are usable for drive or other external benefits. Without any doubts, these machines show efficiency beyond hundred percents, and by sure, output of these simple examples is to rise essentially by diverse optimising measures. If air is used as working medium, relative large constructional volumes are necessary. However also small units with working medium water or oil well can produce usable performance. At the other hand, solutions much more efficient exist, e.g. like discussed at the following.
Cone-Engine
As rotor is turning, fluid within canal also becomes turning, based on friction of fluid particles at rotor surface. That rotor-surface is moving faster within space at larger radius of cone top, so fluid is accelerated increasingly from downside upward. Here are marked e.g. four ´ring-layers´ by different blue colours, representing faster flows from bottom upward. As each faster flow affects like suction, top-down within canal exists suction, pulling fluid by diagonal track (sketched by blue curve D) from downside inlet towards upper outlet. Each cross-sectional surface must be dimensioned according to radius and increasing speeds.
Self-acceleration of flows thus here does not occur within several canals (like at Mazenauer- and Clem-Engine of previous part) but only within one cone-shaped and corresponding wide canal all around rotor. Ring-shaped jet of outlet can be transferred into mechanic turning momentum by blades of turbine. Manipulations of molecular movements of that machine are described in details at following chapter 06.02. ´Cone-Engine´.
Ultrasound-Motor
Onto that third now double kinetic energy is transferred, so this particle leaves nozzle C super-fast into outlet area D. Both energy-delivering particles remain at this area rather slow. At following chapter 06.03. ´Ultrasound-Motor´ these movement processes are deduced in details. Description of these motion pattern is rather difficult, so here ´phenomenon´ result briefly is mentioned as an introduction.
Shifting Speeds
However again will result no essential changes in total, as long as multiple-collisions occur within free space, because all fast and all slow particles still fly into any direction likely. Within previous nozzle, good conditions for multiple-collisions exist and above this, all involved particles move into preferred direction (see vectors at B), so these ultra-sound resp. even ´ultra-molecular´ fast motions just prevailingly occur into general direction of that flow.
Phenomenon-result is shifted spreading of molecular speeds, like schematic sketched at F: strange enough there are more particles with relative low speed ´hanging-around´ within area of nozzle. At the other hand there are much more particles with essentially increased speed, flying off into outlet ´super-fast´. Kinetic energy as a whole is unchanged - only spreading of actual kinetic energy of involved particles is shifted that kind and that direction, increased throughput results (details see next chapters).
By pure passive measurements (according reduction and following enlargement of cross-sectional surfaces) manipulation of molecular speeds is achieved - so soft water can cut solid steal - and naturally that effect also is usable as source for drive of machines. Naturally no corresponding energy input is necessary, because given kinetic energy of involved particles is only spread little bit other kind.
Unlimited Possibilities
At following chapters these new points of view and partly rather complex movement pattern are described in details (and probably not easy to study). At further chapters some more possibilities and applications of senseful ´fluid-manipulations´ are mentioned.
My general ambition is description of properties of ether, its internal movements and thus true essence of material like mental-spiritual appearances. These questions and problems are discussed more and more at relevant media, e.g. by new ´approvals´ for existence of ´dark matter´ by new technologies of astronomic tools. For example, at picture 06.01.01 spreading of Dark Matter at a sector of universe is visualized.
Mass of Dark Matter is assumed to be main part of universe and rather strange properties are mentioned, e.g. ´anti-gravity´ or also structuring functions up to consciousness or spirit. So it would be necessary to call that substance by right name (ether) and to describe clearly real properties - so e.g. ´gravity´ became quite new character and importance.
Usually I do considerations without formula and calculations, because I dislike ´mathematic world view´. Calculations might be necessary and sufficient for normal jobs. However I doubt whether common formula represent real processes sufficiently, so results are rather generalized and thus view onto decisive facts is hindered.
As an example I developed fitting formula for atmospheric pressure at chapter 05.13. ´Explosion / Implosion´ by picture 05.13.01 (here repeated as picture 06.01.02), at which factors represent real processes. Corresponding formula might well be known by experts, however common school-books and literature still tell about ´air-column´ via gravity with that one kilogram each square centimetre weights upon our heads. Realistic however, gravity is involved only via density of air. Real factors of atmospheric pressure are following:
Totally wrong factor V^2 is used at common formula of lift at wings (and similar bended surfaces). Results there are corrected by lift-factor Ca, which is determined only empirical and which is variable depending on speed and angles of attack. So common flow-sciences have no formula for phenomenon of lift-forces based on fitting theory, but only a substitute calculation method based on practical experience.
Known (generalized) formula PD = 0.5 * rho * v^2 simplistic is used at picture 05.12.04 (here repeated as picture 06.01.03), where speed of 100 m/s results dynamic flow-pressure at downside surface PDU = 0.5 * 1 * 100^2 = 5.000 N/m^2 and speed at upper surface, increased by 45 m/s, results dynamic pressure PDO = 0.5 * 1 + 145^2 = 10.500 N/m^2 and thus lift-force PA = 10.500 - 5.000 = 5.500 N/m^2 (if density rho is assumed with 1 kg/m^3).
Often I described effects of suction, however ´denied´ any questions of thermodynamics would be involved - simply because mostly all inconsistencies at physical processes careless are ´explained´ by heat-losses. At the other hand diverse experiments (especially when showing ´over-unity´) resulted astonishing appearance of cold. So it was real ´great moment´ for me, detecting coldness-effect by simple picture 05.13.04 (here repeated as picture 06.01.04) - at least for fluid movements.
Flow can be generated by application of pressure, e.g. when particles (blue) of normal speed (VN) hit onto wall (grey) and that wall moves contrary (B, towards left), so particles are rejected by accelerated speed (VB), i.e. heat (W, red) and same time compression comes up. Increased density affects increasing resistance versus forward moving wall, onto which more and more particles hit with normal speed and increasing frequency. At the other hand, accelerated motion ahead is transferred by collisions towards front side, practically evaporating into environment. Difference of accelerated movement-ahead and backward-movement with normal speed (C - A) represents speed of flow towards left.
Especially Viktor Schauberger pointed out that heat/cold-effect and for example designed corresponding unit for cooling and also for heating rooms. However these functions could not be reproduced by remaining rests of that ´climator´. At picture 06.01.05 schematic is sketched my proposal of simple construction, which should show predicted functions. Upside at A is shown longitudinal cross-sectional view, below at B shows cross-section of upper part and at C of downside part of that machine.
Heat of air masses mostly are assumed as prerequisites for whirlwinds (even e.g. local whirlwind can come up within just normal environment). Self-acceleration of such vortices systems mostly are explained by cooling (so by transmission of environment-heat into kinetic energy). However that´s not cause but only side-effect, while acceleration of flows exclusively are based on transmission of static into dynamic pressures. Often I described that process - however total importance finally I grasped by new points of view.
At picture 06.01.06 circles A (red) represent normal pressure relations, i.e. likely static pressure into all directions. If now however comes up flow B (blue), increased (dynamic) pressure comes up into direction ahead (vertical black arrow) and towards aside corresponding less (static) pressure C (horizontal line) exists. Towards normal pressure A (e.g. left side at outer border of whirlwind) difference of static pressures of same strength now exists (horizontal thick black arrow).
Naturally such potential vortex systems can also be build artificial. At begin of last century for example, Flettner installed vertical cylinders at large sailing freighter, replacing common sails. Engine with few horsepower was sufficient for rotation of cylinders, practically only for compensation of friction losses. That ship ´sailed´ across Atlantic, finally however ´steamers´ were preferred.
Naturally that ´Magnus-Effect´ is not only usable for drive of ships but also for drive of engines. Encouraged by Höhndorf activities concerning that old technology, some ´Flettner-Wheels´ were constructed. That idea is just an alternative to ´Suction-Windmill´ I proposed at chapter 05.06. There I proposed central suction-pump while here turning cylinders suck fluid outward. Based on similarity of these solutions, I made some proposals e.g. concerning control-sheets like sketched at picture 06.01.08.
As an example here are drawn six cylinders C (red), mounted at a rack, which is turning around system axis, here e.g. counter-clockwise. Via gears, cylinders turn much faster around their own axis, here clockwise (rack and gear are not drawn here).
At chapter 05.10. ´Tornado-Motor´ suction effect of flows of different speeds was used, which analogue to whirlwinds are turning ´by slices´ from bottom to top faster and faster. Analogue to Clem-Engine, this movement pattern were generated within canals of rotor, where canals outside were open towards wall of housing. Based on friction, within canals come up twisted flows, which at end of canals are transformed into mechanic turning momentum (details see mentioned chapter). Narrow pipes or canals affect resistance, so fluid should be allowed to move relative free within fluid-machines.
So at picture 06.01.09 schematic is shown much easier construction by longitudinal cross-sectional view. Within housing A (grey) a round cone-shaped hole is arranged, within which a round and cone-shaped rotor C (red) is turning. Rotor has little bit smaller size, so between housing and rotor exists ring-shaped canal B (blue). That canal thus is bordered only at both sides, however not by any other walls, so fluid can move within canal relative free.
Reader of my website gave me important hint concerning Laval-Jets and their ´phenomenal´ acceleration effect. General shape of that nozzle schematic is shown at picture 06.01.10 by longitudinal cross-sectional view. Cross-section surface A of pipe (grey) becomes reduced to a nozzle C and afterward surface again is increased to wider diameter D. At area A in front of nozzle exists subsonic flows, within nozzle area C exists flow by sound-speed and - rather astonishing - flow within wider outlet area D moves by ultrasound-speed. This effect for example is used for cutting iron by water-jets.
This phenomenal appearance is explained anyhow by likely ´phenomenal theoretic calculation tricks´ - nevertheless these formula don´t explain where energy for acceleration should come from. Real essential effect results of collisions of particles at area B where pipe becomes more narrow. There exists higher density, particles collide more frequent and thus chance of multiple-collisions increases. Here for example are drawn two particles (red) at their principle track from pipe-wall towards centre. They meet there (yellow) and same time they hit third particle (white).
Not all particles of fluid move by likely speed within space, for example air particles by about 500 m/s. Assumed is ´Gauß-normal-spreading´ like here roughly sketched by bell-shape E, previous average of 500 m/s might result e.g. of speeds from 0 to 1000 m/s. Normally that spreading is not changed, as normally at collisions only speeds and directions are exchanged between partners one-by-one. Decisive changes only come up, if exchange occurs between multiple partners - respective only by these multiple-collisions these different speeds result in general.
External benefit by implosion-machines is to achieve when vectors of normal molecular movements are ordered senseful. This manipulation is possible in great variety by application of suction, thus with few resistance and only small input of energy. Kinetic energy of ordered and dense flows resp. differences of static and dynamic pressures are usable by many applications. By previous Laval-nozzle a possibility was shown, even spreading of speeds got manipulated and in addition ultrasound speed of flow with prevailing vectors got generated - again with multiple possibilities for external use.
06.02. Cone-Engine
Implosion-Machines