Also this chapter won´t concern ether, nevertheless points of view of these considerations will come up again at later chapters. Here however simply windmills are discussed - however producing necessary wind by themselves.
No yachtsman likes to sit within lull. Helpful advices urge to blow into sails, or more professional suggest to blow alongside sails. However pressing air affects resistance so no drive will come up. I would recommend to suck off air, at front side of sail, at backside edge. Landlubbers probably assume that´s spinning a yarn - nevertheless should check following solution seriously.
Basic Design of Rotor
At picture 05.06.01 schematic is show principle of that machine, left side by cross-sectional view and right side by longitudinal cross-sectional view through system axis. Within housing (grey) shaft of rotor (R, red) is beard, which turns counter clock-wise. Rotor at first exists of two plane parallel round disks. Right angles to these disks and between both disks, ring-shaped surface (U) is installed. Outside of that ring are installed blades (S, here e.g. twelve), reaching also from disk to disk.
Profile of turbine blades is similar to shape of upper side of wings, however these blades outside build much longer circle-shaped surfaces, so only narrow gap exists between each two blades. Also previous ring has slits at each front side of blades. That inner slit (E) is some smaller than outer slit (F).
Circulation of Medium
Air inside of machine circulates, and here three areas of medium are marked by different blue colour and one area by yellow colour. Movements of air are marked by arrows. At area A (yellow) air is sucked-off rotor through axial canal (yellow) by pump (P).
Area B between disks of rotor and up to ring thus shows relative vacuum (V). Into that void flows air through slits (E) from area C between blades. Through slits (F) again air is sucked in from outer area D. Within that area outside of rotor exists normal pressure (N) and into that outer area previous pump delivers its outlet air.
Air is dragged into circle by turning of rotor. Pump should push off air in turning sense of system and thus affects some turning momentum onto rotor (as rotor turns slower than air flows off pump). Outside alongside housing, air practically moves by speed like rotor turns there. Between blades, air also is ´travelling´ around by likely speed. At central area of rotor, air even turns faster and again is accelerated towards centre and into inlet of pump.
Flow and Drive
Slits are positioned each at front side of blades. So previous flow glides alongside that surface and keeps tightly there, based on convex curvature. Direct at surface most fast flow exists, because slower layers of air aside affect bending, condensing and accelerating towards (like described in details at previous chapters).
At picture 05.06.02 part of previous cross-sectional view once more is shown by some larger scale. Area of flow alongside front side of blades is marked by light blue. In order to keep flow near surface also at longer distances resp. in order to achieve additional acceleration, also some flow-conform elements (G) or guiding-vanes (H) could be installed.
These elements well could contribute drive based on their profile similar to wings. Mainly however turning momentum of that machine is achieved by difference of static pressures at front side (I) and back side (J) of blades. Air within ´boxes´ between blades is turning likely to rotor, so at blades back side air practically is resting and thus affecting nearby normal atmospheric pressure onto these back sides.
Air flows alongside front sides of blades from outside towards centre, however that flow won´t affect up to next backside ahead (resp. blades must be installed with corresponding distance between). So air at back sides rests most calm, there could be installed curved surfaces (K) and cross to disk-like segments (L). Surfaces of these additional ´boxes´ could have holes within so air can move however only turbulent. There could also be holes (M) at rotor disks near back sides of blades, so really atmospheric pressure weights there.
Lift- resp. Drive-Power
By that concept are to build wind mills which deliver more energy than production of ´artificial´ wind costs. This idea naturally seams most strange, even because we internalised law of energy-constant and machines with more benefits than costs are considered impossible. Even famous heat-pumps with their efficiency of 300 percent obey that law - as environment heat is consumed (which otherwise however would be worthless).
Wings show even higher efficiency by usage of gravity forces - however that energy is not consumed (like previous environmental heat). Wing affects resistance counter movement ahead, however by minimum Cw-numbers of some 0.01 to 0.05 (opposite to know numbers of cars with some 0.2 and even more). Force of lift is determined by Ca-value for each profile and angles of attack - and showing factor of some 0.25 to 1.0, thus much higher than corresponding value of resistance and correspondingly is ´efficiency-factor between energy-input and benefit of lifting forces).
Here Ca-value of at least 0.5 is easy achieved because practically no air movement exists at backside of blade, so total atmospheric pressure affects there. Opposite, front side of blades are to design optimum because adapted to certain speed. Effective surfaces are bordered by rotor disks, so no flows from aside can come up (like ´winglets´ of airplanes try to avoid). Opposite to profile of wings, here curvature should increase from outside towards inward, so flow can bend steady.
Air outside turns as fast as rotor, so flow into slit and blade will never cut off. Opposite, air is sucked off permanently through inner slits into large volume of centre, flowing towards centre without resistance (because that flow anyway goes on into inlet of pump). So these blades will produce drive in optimum shape. However common formula for lift are not to apply because air flows not around both sides like at (sloped) wings. Drive here results exclusively by difference of static pressures.
Artificial Wind
At picture 05.06.03 concept of first picture is drawn once more, now however some more true to scale and with following changes:
Disks of rotor (R) could also be arranged conical (like here right disk), so from outside towards centre space becomes narrow, i.e. fluid is accelerated inwards. Rotor disk of pump side must not reach up to axis but both disks are stabile connected by some beams. So inlet (yellow) towards pump becomes shape of wide curved canal all around.
Pump (P) now is installed axial and common radial pumps are to use or even vacuum-suction-pump of previous chapter. Might be some elements for support or bearing or guiding blades are necessary, however can be adapted optimum to steady speed and direction of flows. Outlet jet of pump is directed onto outer surface of rotor disk, so energy input for accelerating air is regained by parts.
Pump exits air into already rotating fluid, so few resistance comes up. Within whole system, air only circulates with different speeds at different areas, however no important resistance comes up. Opposite, each acceleration (alongside blade-surfaces and within suction-pump) occurs automatic based on molecular movements. Much more energy-losses are caused by mechanical friction, e.g. also for avoiding leakage between rotor and pump, and for electric drive of pump.
Example Data
Previous picture shows constructional elements nearby true to scale and diameter of rotor is assumed by 4 m. Blades (S) are 0.5 m long and 0.25 m wide, thus building surface of 0.125 m^2, all twelve blades thus in total 1.5 m^2 effective surface. Inner slits are these 0.25 m long and 0.04 m wide, so each slit has cross-sectional surface of 0.01 m^2 resp. twelve slits in total 0.12 m^2. Distance between back side and next front side of blades is more than one metre, so also 15 or even 18 blades could be installed at that wheel.
Slits represent narrow passes, and likely cross-sectional surface could show minimum bottleneck (A) of pump. For example, if pump has diameter of some 0.65 m, circumference is nearby 2.0 m long. Outlet-slit running around pump thus should be 0.06 m wide, so previous cross-sectional surface of 0.12 m^2 results. So pump outlet area builds corresponding narrow pass.
Small airplanes get sufficient lift for take-off already by 100 km/h, at the other hand common windmills must stop working by these storms. Here however wind of 100 km/h resp. flow by speed of 27.5 m/s are without any problems. Pump with its circumference of 2 m should have to rotate 14 to 20 time per second, thus operates with some 1200 rpm.
If air of that speed passes bottlenecks of 0.12 m^2 cross-sectional surface, 3.3 m^3/s must circulate resp. each hour some 12000 m^3. Manufacturers recommend installation of pumps of some 5 to 7.5 kW for throughput of these volumes, depending e.g. on wanted pressure-increase (and 30 to 50 % losses are included).
Pressure Differences
Formula for kinetic (tailback- resp. flow-) pressure of flux is: density times 0.5 times speed by square. Density of air is some 1.2 kg/m^3 resp. 12 N/m^3. By previous speed of 27.5 m/s thus results kinetic pressure of 4537.5 N/m^2, existing within all bottlenecks.
As sum of kinetic and static pressures of flow is assumed to be constant, at front side surface of blades thus weights corresponding less static pressure. Related to 1.5 m^2 of all effecting surfaces of blades thus some 6800 N results - counter previous demands for production of ´artificial wind´ - theoretical probably zero-game so far.
Previous 27.5 m/s are average speed of flow within pump, within slits and alongside surface of blades. Flow between outer and inner slits, alongside surface of blades, however is not likely at all layers of air, but is much different, e.g. based on steady increasing curvature of that surface. Width of slits is assumed by 4 cm, however air layer of 1 cm next to surface, most reasonably will move 1.5 times faster than average.
Instead of previous 27.5 m/s speed, thus flow direct at surface of blades moves by some 40 m/s. As pressure increases by square of speed, kinetic pressure now becomes near 9600 N/m^2 resp. at total front side surfaces of 1.5 m^2 weight pressure 14400 N less than normal atmospheric pressure weights on back sides.
Optimising
At picture 05.06.04 optimised shape of that conception is shown, however still rather schematic. Naturally all edges must be shaped flow-conform, e.g. surfaces of inner slit should reach further inside, with sharp edges for differing flows and round edges for redirection of side flows etc. - just like known by good flux-technologies.
Left upside at this picture cross-section of half of rotor is shown, now with 18 blades (S). Space between blades is ´square´, i.e. distance between back- and front-sides is still long enough even by narrow arranged blades. At same space thus wider effective surface can be installed (with corresponding stronger turning momentum).
Right side at longitudinal cross-sectional view, rotor disk right side again is arranged conical and inlet (A) towards pump now is totally integrated within rotor (R, red). Pump (P, yellow) now is simply a disk with concave surface, only rough or with some common blades, gliding alongside outer rotor disk, so practically no leak-problems will come up.
Left side down cross-section of pump (P) is shown and six pump-blades are sketched. Around pump one can see (half) of outer side of rotor, and also some blades (N) are installed there. Flow coming out of pump shows much more into tangential direction than slower turning blades of rotor.
If rotor is assumed to rotate once a second, at 4 m diameter movement speed are some 12 m/s. Redirection of outlet flow won´t decelerate its speed, however its tangential motion component of e.g. 20 m/s could be reduced to these 12 m/s, so nearby one quarter of energy-input of pump could be regained.
Optimised version of that machine will work by constant relation between rotor- and pump-revolutions. Drive of pump then must no longer be done by electric motor but via gear (gear-wheels or gear-belts). That gear and motor/generator (O, green) schematic is sketched right side at longitudinal cross-sectional view. For starting system, motor turns up revolutions while at running mode generator takes off surplus energy.
By optimising measures like these, energy-input might be one third less than at common applications of air-circulation and thus efficiency will be far above 100 percent, i.e. this machine will run autonomous and deliver free energy of remarkable extent.
Target Factor 50
Distinctly I see contemptuous smile of all professionals at naive babbling and hear advices, first to study hundred books concerning flux-sciences - if at all being capable to understand three times included integral calculus. Indeed, impressive structures of formula are build, one deduced from others - however lastly based on law of energy-constant (here often called ´continuity´).
All times pressures are calculated, practically identical to mechanics of solid bodies. Nowhere energy of molecular movements is taken in account (besides losses by heat, again analogue to mechanics) and usage via suction isn´t discussed at all. Suitable flux-machines were build by try-and-error - and only afterwards ´re-calculations´ got possible (like intensive and faulty re-flections get possible only after an idea occurred timeless fast and without efforts to anybody).
Most effective machines e.g. are gliders, not falling from sky but smoothly lowering down, distance of 50 m length demanding only 1 m loss of altitude. That ´delayed falling´ is only necessary for compensation of resistance counter movement ahead, so ´wind´ continuously exists relative to wings. Lifting forces are totally for free. That´s stated objective for engineers: 50:1, and not that 1:1 which already considered impossible. Here it´s not question of 1:1-energy-transformations, but usage of side-effects of given free forces, which come up by ´cheep tricks´ (of organising movement processes). So energy-constant is not involved if windmills rotate continuously by ´own wind´ and above this deliver ´free energy´.
| 05.07. Suction-Helicopter | Ether-Physics and -Philosophy |